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Al + NH4ClO4 = H2O + NO + Al2O3 + AlCl3

Input interpretation

Al aluminum + NH_4ClO_4 ammonium perchlorate ⟶ H_2O water + NO nitric oxide + Al_2O_3 aluminum oxide + AlCl_3 aluminum chloride
Al aluminum + NH_4ClO_4 ammonium perchlorate ⟶ H_2O water + NO nitric oxide + Al_2O_3 aluminum oxide + AlCl_3 aluminum chloride

Balanced equation

Balance the chemical equation algebraically: Al + NH_4ClO_4 ⟶ H_2O + NO + Al_2O_3 + AlCl_3 Add stoichiometric coefficients, c_i, to the reactants and products: c_1 Al + c_2 NH_4ClO_4 ⟶ c_3 H_2O + c_4 NO + c_5 Al_2O_3 + c_6 AlCl_3 Set the number of atoms in the reactants equal to the number of atoms in the products for Al, Cl, H, N and O: Al: | c_1 = 2 c_5 + c_6 Cl: | c_2 = 3 c_6 H: | 4 c_2 = 2 c_3 N: | c_2 = c_4 O: | 4 c_2 = c_3 + c_4 + 3 c_5 Since the coefficients are relative quantities and underdetermined, choose a coefficient to set arbitrarily. To keep the coefficients small, the arbitrary value is ordinarily one. For instance, set c_5 = 1 and solve the system of equations for the remaining coefficients: c_1 = 3 c_2 = 3 c_3 = 6 c_4 = 3 c_5 = 1 c_6 = 1 Substitute the coefficients into the chemical reaction to obtain the balanced equation: Answer: | | 3 Al + 3 NH_4ClO_4 ⟶ 6 H_2O + 3 NO + Al_2O_3 + AlCl_3
Balance the chemical equation algebraically: Al + NH_4ClO_4 ⟶ H_2O + NO + Al_2O_3 + AlCl_3 Add stoichiometric coefficients, c_i, to the reactants and products: c_1 Al + c_2 NH_4ClO_4 ⟶ c_3 H_2O + c_4 NO + c_5 Al_2O_3 + c_6 AlCl_3 Set the number of atoms in the reactants equal to the number of atoms in the products for Al, Cl, H, N and O: Al: | c_1 = 2 c_5 + c_6 Cl: | c_2 = 3 c_6 H: | 4 c_2 = 2 c_3 N: | c_2 = c_4 O: | 4 c_2 = c_3 + c_4 + 3 c_5 Since the coefficients are relative quantities and underdetermined, choose a coefficient to set arbitrarily. To keep the coefficients small, the arbitrary value is ordinarily one. For instance, set c_5 = 1 and solve the system of equations for the remaining coefficients: c_1 = 3 c_2 = 3 c_3 = 6 c_4 = 3 c_5 = 1 c_6 = 1 Substitute the coefficients into the chemical reaction to obtain the balanced equation: Answer: | | 3 Al + 3 NH_4ClO_4 ⟶ 6 H_2O + 3 NO + Al_2O_3 + AlCl_3

Structures

+ ⟶ + + +
+ ⟶ + + +

Names

aluminum + ammonium perchlorate ⟶ water + nitric oxide + aluminum oxide + aluminum chloride
aluminum + ammonium perchlorate ⟶ water + nitric oxide + aluminum oxide + aluminum chloride

Equilibrium constant

Construct the equilibrium constant, K, expression for: Al + NH_4ClO_4 ⟶ H_2O + NO + Al_2O_3 + AlCl_3 Plan: • Balance the chemical equation. • Determine the stoichiometric numbers. • Assemble the activity expression for each chemical species. • Use the activity expressions to build the equilibrium constant expression. Write the balanced chemical equation: 3 Al + 3 NH_4ClO_4 ⟶ 6 H_2O + 3 NO + Al_2O_3 + AlCl_3 Assign stoichiometric numbers, ν_i, using the stoichiometric coefficients, c_i, from the balanced chemical equation in the following manner: ν_i = -c_i for reactants and ν_i = c_i for products: chemical species | c_i | ν_i Al | 3 | -3 NH_4ClO_4 | 3 | -3 H_2O | 6 | 6 NO | 3 | 3 Al_2O_3 | 1 | 1 AlCl_3 | 1 | 1 Assemble the activity expressions accounting for the state of matter and ν_i: chemical species | c_i | ν_i | activity expression Al | 3 | -3 | ([Al])^(-3) NH_4ClO_4 | 3 | -3 | ([NH4ClO4])^(-3) H_2O | 6 | 6 | ([H2O])^6 NO | 3 | 3 | ([NO])^3 Al_2O_3 | 1 | 1 | [Al2O3] AlCl_3 | 1 | 1 | [AlCl3] The equilibrium constant symbol in the concentration basis is: K_c Mulitply the activity expressions to arrive at the K_c expression: Answer: | | K_c = ([Al])^(-3) ([NH4ClO4])^(-3) ([H2O])^6 ([NO])^3 [Al2O3] [AlCl3] = (([H2O])^6 ([NO])^3 [Al2O3] [AlCl3])/(([Al])^3 ([NH4ClO4])^3)
Construct the equilibrium constant, K, expression for: Al + NH_4ClO_4 ⟶ H_2O + NO + Al_2O_3 + AlCl_3 Plan: • Balance the chemical equation. • Determine the stoichiometric numbers. • Assemble the activity expression for each chemical species. • Use the activity expressions to build the equilibrium constant expression. Write the balanced chemical equation: 3 Al + 3 NH_4ClO_4 ⟶ 6 H_2O + 3 NO + Al_2O_3 + AlCl_3 Assign stoichiometric numbers, ν_i, using the stoichiometric coefficients, c_i, from the balanced chemical equation in the following manner: ν_i = -c_i for reactants and ν_i = c_i for products: chemical species | c_i | ν_i Al | 3 | -3 NH_4ClO_4 | 3 | -3 H_2O | 6 | 6 NO | 3 | 3 Al_2O_3 | 1 | 1 AlCl_3 | 1 | 1 Assemble the activity expressions accounting for the state of matter and ν_i: chemical species | c_i | ν_i | activity expression Al | 3 | -3 | ([Al])^(-3) NH_4ClO_4 | 3 | -3 | ([NH4ClO4])^(-3) H_2O | 6 | 6 | ([H2O])^6 NO | 3 | 3 | ([NO])^3 Al_2O_3 | 1 | 1 | [Al2O3] AlCl_3 | 1 | 1 | [AlCl3] The equilibrium constant symbol in the concentration basis is: K_c Mulitply the activity expressions to arrive at the K_c expression: Answer: | | K_c = ([Al])^(-3) ([NH4ClO4])^(-3) ([H2O])^6 ([NO])^3 [Al2O3] [AlCl3] = (([H2O])^6 ([NO])^3 [Al2O3] [AlCl3])/(([Al])^3 ([NH4ClO4])^3)

Rate of reaction

Construct the rate of reaction expression for: Al + NH_4ClO_4 ⟶ H_2O + NO + Al_2O_3 + AlCl_3 Plan: • Balance the chemical equation. • Determine the stoichiometric numbers. • Assemble the rate term for each chemical species. • Write the rate of reaction expression. Write the balanced chemical equation: 3 Al + 3 NH_4ClO_4 ⟶ 6 H_2O + 3 NO + Al_2O_3 + AlCl_3 Assign stoichiometric numbers, ν_i, using the stoichiometric coefficients, c_i, from the balanced chemical equation in the following manner: ν_i = -c_i for reactants and ν_i = c_i for products: chemical species | c_i | ν_i Al | 3 | -3 NH_4ClO_4 | 3 | -3 H_2O | 6 | 6 NO | 3 | 3 Al_2O_3 | 1 | 1 AlCl_3 | 1 | 1 The rate term for each chemical species, B_i, is 1/ν_i(Δ[B_i])/(Δt) where [B_i] is the amount concentration and t is time: chemical species | c_i | ν_i | rate term Al | 3 | -3 | -1/3 (Δ[Al])/(Δt) NH_4ClO_4 | 3 | -3 | -1/3 (Δ[NH4ClO4])/(Δt) H_2O | 6 | 6 | 1/6 (Δ[H2O])/(Δt) NO | 3 | 3 | 1/3 (Δ[NO])/(Δt) Al_2O_3 | 1 | 1 | (Δ[Al2O3])/(Δt) AlCl_3 | 1 | 1 | (Δ[AlCl3])/(Δt) (for infinitesimal rate of change, replace Δ with d) Set the rate terms equal to each other to arrive at the rate expression: Answer: | | rate = -1/3 (Δ[Al])/(Δt) = -1/3 (Δ[NH4ClO4])/(Δt) = 1/6 (Δ[H2O])/(Δt) = 1/3 (Δ[NO])/(Δt) = (Δ[Al2O3])/(Δt) = (Δ[AlCl3])/(Δt) (assuming constant volume and no accumulation of intermediates or side products)
Construct the rate of reaction expression for: Al + NH_4ClO_4 ⟶ H_2O + NO + Al_2O_3 + AlCl_3 Plan: • Balance the chemical equation. • Determine the stoichiometric numbers. • Assemble the rate term for each chemical species. • Write the rate of reaction expression. Write the balanced chemical equation: 3 Al + 3 NH_4ClO_4 ⟶ 6 H_2O + 3 NO + Al_2O_3 + AlCl_3 Assign stoichiometric numbers, ν_i, using the stoichiometric coefficients, c_i, from the balanced chemical equation in the following manner: ν_i = -c_i for reactants and ν_i = c_i for products: chemical species | c_i | ν_i Al | 3 | -3 NH_4ClO_4 | 3 | -3 H_2O | 6 | 6 NO | 3 | 3 Al_2O_3 | 1 | 1 AlCl_3 | 1 | 1 The rate term for each chemical species, B_i, is 1/ν_i(Δ[B_i])/(Δt) where [B_i] is the amount concentration and t is time: chemical species | c_i | ν_i | rate term Al | 3 | -3 | -1/3 (Δ[Al])/(Δt) NH_4ClO_4 | 3 | -3 | -1/3 (Δ[NH4ClO4])/(Δt) H_2O | 6 | 6 | 1/6 (Δ[H2O])/(Δt) NO | 3 | 3 | 1/3 (Δ[NO])/(Δt) Al_2O_3 | 1 | 1 | (Δ[Al2O3])/(Δt) AlCl_3 | 1 | 1 | (Δ[AlCl3])/(Δt) (for infinitesimal rate of change, replace Δ with d) Set the rate terms equal to each other to arrive at the rate expression: Answer: | | rate = -1/3 (Δ[Al])/(Δt) = -1/3 (Δ[NH4ClO4])/(Δt) = 1/6 (Δ[H2O])/(Δt) = 1/3 (Δ[NO])/(Δt) = (Δ[Al2O3])/(Δt) = (Δ[AlCl3])/(Δt) (assuming constant volume and no accumulation of intermediates or side products)

Chemical names and formulas

| aluminum | ammonium perchlorate | water | nitric oxide | aluminum oxide | aluminum chloride formula | Al | NH_4ClO_4 | H_2O | NO | Al_2O_3 | AlCl_3 Hill formula | Al | ClH_4NO_4 | H_2O | NO | Al_2O_3 | AlCl_3 name | aluminum | ammonium perchlorate | water | nitric oxide | aluminum oxide | aluminum chloride IUPAC name | aluminum | | water | nitric oxide | dialuminum;oxygen(2-) | trichloroalumane
| aluminum | ammonium perchlorate | water | nitric oxide | aluminum oxide | aluminum chloride formula | Al | NH_4ClO_4 | H_2O | NO | Al_2O_3 | AlCl_3 Hill formula | Al | ClH_4NO_4 | H_2O | NO | Al_2O_3 | AlCl_3 name | aluminum | ammonium perchlorate | water | nitric oxide | aluminum oxide | aluminum chloride IUPAC name | aluminum | | water | nitric oxide | dialuminum;oxygen(2-) | trichloroalumane

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