Cl2 + KBr = KCl + Br2

Cl_2 (chlorine) + KBr (potassium bromide) ⟶ KCl (potassium chloride) + Br_2 (bromine)

Balance the chemical equation algebraically: Cl_2 + KBr ⟶ KCl + Br_2 Add stoichiometric coefficients, c_i, to the reactants and products: c_1 Cl_2 + c_2 KBr ⟶ c_3 KCl + c_4 Br_2 Set the number of atoms in the reactants equal to the number of atoms in the products for Cl, Br and K: Cl: | 2 c_1 = c_3 Br: | c_2 = 2 c_4 K: | c_2 = c_3 Since the coefficients are relative quantities and underdetermined, choose a coefficient to set arbitrarily. To keep the coefficients small, the arbitrary value is ordinarily one. For instance, set c_1 = 1 and solve the system of equations for the remaining coefficients: c_1 = 1 c_2 = 2 c_3 = 2 c_4 = 1 Substitute the coefficients into the chemical reaction to obtain the balanced equation: Answer: | | Cl_2 + 2 KBr ⟶ 2 KCl + Br_2

+ ⟶ +

chlorine + potassium bromide ⟶ potassium chloride + bromine

| chlorine | potassium bromide | potassium chloride | bromine molecular enthalpy | 0 kJ/mol | -393.8 kJ/mol | -436.5 kJ/mol | 0 kJ/mol total enthalpy | 0 kJ/mol | -787.6 kJ/mol | -873 kJ/mol | 0 kJ/mol | H_initial = -787.6 kJ/mol | | H_final = -873 kJ/mol | ΔH_rxn^0 | -873 kJ/mol - -787.6 kJ/mol = -85.4 kJ/mol (exothermic) | | |

| chlorine | potassium bromide | potassium chloride | bromine molecular free energy | 0 kJ/mol | -380.7 kJ/mol | -408.5 kJ/mol | 0 kJ/mol total free energy | 0 kJ/mol | -761.4 kJ/mol | -817 kJ/mol | 0 kJ/mol | G_initial = -761.4 kJ/mol | | G_final = -817 kJ/mol | ΔG_rxn^0 | -817 kJ/mol - -761.4 kJ/mol = -55.6 kJ/mol (exergonic) | | |

Construct the equilibrium constant, K, expression for: Cl_2 + KBr ⟶ KCl + Br_2 Plan: • Balance the chemical equation. • Determine the stoichiometric numbers. • Assemble the activity expression for each chemical species. • Use the activity expressions to build the equilibrium constant expression. Write the balanced chemical equation: Cl_2 + 2 KBr ⟶ 2 KCl + Br_2 Assign stoichiometric numbers, ν_i, using the stoichiometric coefficients, c_i, from the balanced chemical equation in the following manner: ν_i = -c_i for reactants and ν_i = c_i for products: chemical species | c_i | ν_i Cl_2 | 1 | -1 KBr | 2 | -2 KCl | 2 | 2 Br_2 | 1 | 1 Assemble the activity expressions accounting for the state of matter and ν_i: chemical species | c_i | ν_i | activity expression Cl_2 | 1 | -1 | ([Cl2])^(-1) KBr | 2 | -2 | ([KBr])^(-2) KCl | 2 | 2 | ([KCl])^2 Br_2 | 1 | 1 | [Br2] The equilibrium constant symbol in the concentration basis is: K_c Mulitply the activity expressions to arrive at the K_c expression: Answer: | | K_c = ([Cl2])^(-1) ([KBr])^(-2) ([KCl])^2 [Br2] = (([KCl])^2 [Br2])/([Cl2] ([KBr])^2)

Construct the rate of reaction expression for: Cl_2 + KBr ⟶ KCl + Br_2 Plan: • Balance the chemical equation. • Determine the stoichiometric numbers. • Assemble the rate term for each chemical species. • Write the rate of reaction expression. Write the balanced chemical equation: Cl_2 + 2 KBr ⟶ 2 KCl + Br_2 Assign stoichiometric numbers, ν_i, using the stoichiometric coefficients, c_i, from the balanced chemical equation in the following manner: ν_i = -c_i for reactants and ν_i = c_i for products: chemical species | c_i | ν_i Cl_2 | 1 | -1 KBr | 2 | -2 KCl | 2 | 2 Br_2 | 1 | 1 The rate term for each chemical species, B_i, is 1/ν_i(Δ[B_i])/(Δt) where [B_i] is the amount concentration and t is time: chemical species | c_i | ν_i | rate term Cl_2 | 1 | -1 | -(Δ[Cl2])/(Δt) KBr | 2 | -2 | -1/2 (Δ[KBr])/(Δt) KCl | 2 | 2 | 1/2 (Δ[KCl])/(Δt) Br_2 | 1 | 1 | (Δ[Br2])/(Δt) (for infinitesimal rate of change, replace Δ with d) Set the rate terms equal to each other to arrive at the rate expression: Answer: | | rate = -(Δ[Cl2])/(Δt) = -1/2 (Δ[KBr])/(Δt) = 1/2 (Δ[KCl])/(Δt) = (Δ[Br2])/(Δt) (assuming constant volume and no accumulation of intermediates or side products)

| chlorine | potassium bromide | potassium chloride | bromine formula | Cl_2 | KBr | KCl | Br_2 Hill formula | Cl_2 | BrK | ClK | Br_2 name | chlorine | potassium bromide | potassium chloride | bromine IUPAC name | molecular chlorine | potassium bromide | potassium chloride | molecular bromine

| chlorine | potassium bromide | potassium chloride | bromine molar mass | 70.9 g/mol | 119 g/mol | 74.55 g/mol | 159.81 g/mol phase | gas (at STP) | solid (at STP) | solid (at STP) | liquid (at STP) melting point | -101 °C | 734 °C | 770 °C | -7.2 °C boiling point | -34 °C | 1435 °C | 1420 °C | 58.8 °C density | 0.003214 g/cm^3 (at 0 °C) | 2.75 g/cm^3 | 1.98 g/cm^3 | 3.119 g/cm^3 solubility in water | | soluble | soluble | insoluble surface tension | | | | 0.0409 N/m dynamic viscosity | | | | 9.44×10^-4 Pa s (at 25 °C) odor | | | odorless |