copper vs bromine vs gallium

copper (chemical element) | bromine (chemical element) | gallium (chemical element)

Periodic table location

Images

| copper | bromine | gallium atomic symbol | Cu | Br | Ga atomic number | 29 | 35 | 31 short electronic configuration | [Ar]4s^13d^10 | [Ar]4s^23d^104p^5 | [Ar]4s^23d^104p^1 Aufbau diagram | 3d 4s | 4p 3d 4s | 4p 3d 4s block | d | p | p group | 11 | 17 | 13 period | 4 | 4 | 4 atomic mass | 63.546 u | 79.904 u | 69.723 u half-life | (stable) | (stable) | (stable)

| copper | bromine | gallium phase at STP | solid | liquid | solid melting point | 1084.62 °C | -7.3 °C | 29.76 °C boiling point | 2562 °C | 59 °C | 2204 °C critical temperature | | 588 K | critical pressure | | 10.34 MPa | molar heat of fusion | 13.1 kJ/mol | 5.8 kJ/mol | 5.59 kJ/mol molar heat of vaporization | 300 kJ/mol | 14.8 kJ/mol | 256 kJ/mol specific heat at STP | 384.4 J/(kg K) | 947.3 J/(kg K) | 371 J/(kg K) (properties at standard conditions)

| copper | bromine | gallium density | 8.96 g/cm^3 | 3.12 g/cm^3 | 5.904 g/cm^3 liquid density | 8.02 g/cm^3 | 3.12 g/cm^3 | 6.095 g/cm^3 molar volume | 7.092 cm^3/mol | 25.61 cm^3/mol | 11.81 cm^3/mol Mohs hardness | 3 (≈ calcite) | | 1.5 (between talc and gypsum) Vickers hardness | 369 MPa | | Brinell hardness | 874 MPa | | 60 MPa bulk modulus | 140 GPa | 1.9 GPa | shear modulus | 48 GPa | | Young's modulus | 130 GPa | | Poisson ratio | 0.34 | | refractive index | | 1.001132 | sound speed | 3570 m/s | | 2740 m/s thermal expansion | 1.65×10^-5 K^(-1) | | 1.2×10^-4 K^(-1) thermal conductivity | 400 W/(m K) | 0.12 W/(m K) | 29 W/(m K) (properties at standard conditions)

| copper | bromine | gallium electrical type | conductor | insulator | conductor resistivity | 1.7×10^-8 Ω m (ohm meters) | 1×10^10 Ω m (ohm meters) | 1.4×10^-7 Ω m (ohm meters) electrical conductivity | 5.9×10^7 S/m (siemens per meter) | 1×10^-10 S/m (siemens per meter) | 7.1×10^6 S/m (siemens per meter) magnetic type | diamagnetic | diamagnetic | diamagnetic volume magnetic susceptibility | -9.63×10^-6 | -1.53×10^-5 | -1.77×10^-5 mass magnetic susceptibility | -1.08×10^-9 m^3/kg (cubic meters per kilogram) | -4.9×10^-9 m^3/kg (cubic meters per kilogram) | -3×10^-9 m^3/kg (cubic meters per kilogram) molar magnetic susceptibility | -6.86×10^-11 m^3/mol (cubic meters per mole) | -7.83×10^-10 m^3/mol (cubic meters per mole) | -2.09×10^-10 m^3/mol (cubic meters per mole) work function | (4.48 to 5.1) eV | | 4.32 eV (Polycrystalline) threshold frequency | (1.083×10^15 to 1.233×10^15) Hz (hertz) | | 1.045×10^15 Hz (hertz) superconducting point | | | 1.083 K (kelvins) color | (copper) | (red) | (silver) refractive index | | 1.001132 |

| copper | bromine | gallium valence | 2 | 5 | 3 electronegativity | 1.9 | 2.96 | 1.81 electron affinity | 118.4 kJ/mol (kilojoules per mole) | 324.6 kJ/mol (kilojoules per mole) | 28.9 kJ/mol (kilojoules per mole) first ionization energy | 745.5 kJ/mol (kilojoules per mole) | 1139.9 kJ/mol (kilojoules per mole) | 578.8 kJ/mol (kilojoules per mole) ionization energies | 745.5 kJ/mol | 1957.9 kJ/mol | 3555 kJ/mol | 5536 kJ/mol | 7700 kJ/mol | 9900 kJ/mol | 13400 kJ/mol | 16000 kJ/mol | 19200 kJ/mol | 22400 kJ/mol | 25600 kJ/mol | 35600 kJ/mol | 38700 kJ/mol | 42000 kJ/mol | 46700 kJ/mol | 50200 kJ/mol | 53700 kJ/mol | 61100 kJ/mol | 64702 kJ/mol | 163700 kJ/mol | 174100 kJ/mol | 1139.9 kJ/mol | 2103 kJ/mol | 3470 kJ/mol | 4560 kJ/mol | 5760 kJ/mol | 8550 kJ/mol | 9940 kJ/mol | 18600 kJ/mol | 578.8 kJ/mol | 1979.3 kJ/mol | 2963 kJ/mol | 6180 kJ/mol

Reactivity

| copper | bromine | gallium term symbol | ^2S_(1/2) | ^2P_(3/2) | ^2P_(1/2) atomic radius | 135 pm | 115 pm | 130 pm covalent radius | 132 pm | 120 pm | 122 pm van der Waals radius | 140 pm | 185 pm | 187 pm (electronic ground state properties)

| copper | bromine | gallium universe abundance | 6×10^-6 mass% | 7×10^-7 mass% | 1×10^-6 mass% solar abundance | 7×10^-5 mass% | | 4×10^-6 mass% meteorite abundance | 0.011 mass% | 1.2×10^-4 mass% | 7.6×10^-4 mass% crust abundance | 0.0068 mass% | 3×10^-4 mass% | 0.0019 mass% ocean abundance | 3×10^-7 mass% | 0.0067 mass% | 3×10^-9 mass% human abundance | 1×10^-4 mass% | 2.9×10^-4 mass% | universe molar abundance | 1×10^-7 mol% | 1×10^-8 mol% | 2×10^-8 mol% solar molar abundance | 9.9×10^-7 mol% | | 6×10^-8 mol% meteorite molar abundance | 0.0031 mol% | 2.3×10^-5 mol% | 2×10^-4 mol% ocean molar abundance | 2.9×10^-8 mol% | 5.2×10^-4 mol% | 2.7×10^-10 mol% crust molar abundance | 0.0022 mol% | 7.8×10^-5 mol% | 5.5×10^-4 mol% human molar abundance | 9.9×10^-6 mol% | 2.3×10^-5 mol% |