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H2O + Cd + NiO(OH) = Ni(OH)2 + Cd(OH)2

Input interpretation

H_2O water + Cd cadmium + NiOOH ⟶ Ni(OH)_2 nickel(II) hydroxide + Cd(OH)_2 cadmium hydroxide
H_2O water + Cd cadmium + NiOOH ⟶ Ni(OH)_2 nickel(II) hydroxide + Cd(OH)_2 cadmium hydroxide

Balanced equation

Balance the chemical equation algebraically: H_2O + Cd + NiOOH ⟶ Ni(OH)_2 + Cd(OH)_2 Add stoichiometric coefficients, c_i, to the reactants and products: c_1 H_2O + c_2 Cd + c_3 NiOOH ⟶ c_4 Ni(OH)_2 + c_5 Cd(OH)_2 Set the number of atoms in the reactants equal to the number of atoms in the products for H, O, Cd and Ni: H: | 2 c_1 + c_3 = 2 c_4 + 2 c_5 O: | c_1 + 2 c_3 = 2 c_4 + 2 c_5 Cd: | c_2 = c_5 Ni: | c_3 = c_4 Since the coefficients are relative quantities and underdetermined, choose a coefficient to set arbitrarily. To keep the coefficients small, the arbitrary value is ordinarily one. For instance, set c_2 = 1 and solve the system of equations for the remaining coefficients: c_1 = 2 c_2 = 1 c_3 = 2 c_4 = 2 c_5 = 1 Substitute the coefficients into the chemical reaction to obtain the balanced equation: Answer: | | 2 H_2O + Cd + 2 NiOOH ⟶ 2 Ni(OH)_2 + Cd(OH)_2
Balance the chemical equation algebraically: H_2O + Cd + NiOOH ⟶ Ni(OH)_2 + Cd(OH)_2 Add stoichiometric coefficients, c_i, to the reactants and products: c_1 H_2O + c_2 Cd + c_3 NiOOH ⟶ c_4 Ni(OH)_2 + c_5 Cd(OH)_2 Set the number of atoms in the reactants equal to the number of atoms in the products for H, O, Cd and Ni: H: | 2 c_1 + c_3 = 2 c_4 + 2 c_5 O: | c_1 + 2 c_3 = 2 c_4 + 2 c_5 Cd: | c_2 = c_5 Ni: | c_3 = c_4 Since the coefficients are relative quantities and underdetermined, choose a coefficient to set arbitrarily. To keep the coefficients small, the arbitrary value is ordinarily one. For instance, set c_2 = 1 and solve the system of equations for the remaining coefficients: c_1 = 2 c_2 = 1 c_3 = 2 c_4 = 2 c_5 = 1 Substitute the coefficients into the chemical reaction to obtain the balanced equation: Answer: | | 2 H_2O + Cd + 2 NiOOH ⟶ 2 Ni(OH)_2 + Cd(OH)_2

Structures

+ + NiOOH ⟶ +
+ + NiOOH ⟶ +

Names

water + cadmium + NiOOH ⟶ nickel(II) hydroxide + cadmium hydroxide
water + cadmium + NiOOH ⟶ nickel(II) hydroxide + cadmium hydroxide

Equilibrium constant

Construct the equilibrium constant, K, expression for: H_2O + Cd + NiOOH ⟶ Ni(OH)_2 + Cd(OH)_2 Plan: • Balance the chemical equation. • Determine the stoichiometric numbers. • Assemble the activity expression for each chemical species. • Use the activity expressions to build the equilibrium constant expression. Write the balanced chemical equation: 2 H_2O + Cd + 2 NiOOH ⟶ 2 Ni(OH)_2 + Cd(OH)_2 Assign stoichiometric numbers, ν_i, using the stoichiometric coefficients, c_i, from the balanced chemical equation in the following manner: ν_i = -c_i for reactants and ν_i = c_i for products: chemical species | c_i | ν_i H_2O | 2 | -2 Cd | 1 | -1 NiOOH | 2 | -2 Ni(OH)_2 | 2 | 2 Cd(OH)_2 | 1 | 1 Assemble the activity expressions accounting for the state of matter and ν_i: chemical species | c_i | ν_i | activity expression H_2O | 2 | -2 | ([H2O])^(-2) Cd | 1 | -1 | ([Cd])^(-1) NiOOH | 2 | -2 | ([NiOOH])^(-2) Ni(OH)_2 | 2 | 2 | ([Ni(OH)2])^2 Cd(OH)_2 | 1 | 1 | [Cd(OH)2] The equilibrium constant symbol in the concentration basis is: K_c Mulitply the activity expressions to arrive at the K_c expression: Answer: | | K_c = ([H2O])^(-2) ([Cd])^(-1) ([NiOOH])^(-2) ([Ni(OH)2])^2 [Cd(OH)2] = (([Ni(OH)2])^2 [Cd(OH)2])/(([H2O])^2 [Cd] ([NiOOH])^2)
Construct the equilibrium constant, K, expression for: H_2O + Cd + NiOOH ⟶ Ni(OH)_2 + Cd(OH)_2 Plan: • Balance the chemical equation. • Determine the stoichiometric numbers. • Assemble the activity expression for each chemical species. • Use the activity expressions to build the equilibrium constant expression. Write the balanced chemical equation: 2 H_2O + Cd + 2 NiOOH ⟶ 2 Ni(OH)_2 + Cd(OH)_2 Assign stoichiometric numbers, ν_i, using the stoichiometric coefficients, c_i, from the balanced chemical equation in the following manner: ν_i = -c_i for reactants and ν_i = c_i for products: chemical species | c_i | ν_i H_2O | 2 | -2 Cd | 1 | -1 NiOOH | 2 | -2 Ni(OH)_2 | 2 | 2 Cd(OH)_2 | 1 | 1 Assemble the activity expressions accounting for the state of matter and ν_i: chemical species | c_i | ν_i | activity expression H_2O | 2 | -2 | ([H2O])^(-2) Cd | 1 | -1 | ([Cd])^(-1) NiOOH | 2 | -2 | ([NiOOH])^(-2) Ni(OH)_2 | 2 | 2 | ([Ni(OH)2])^2 Cd(OH)_2 | 1 | 1 | [Cd(OH)2] The equilibrium constant symbol in the concentration basis is: K_c Mulitply the activity expressions to arrive at the K_c expression: Answer: | | K_c = ([H2O])^(-2) ([Cd])^(-1) ([NiOOH])^(-2) ([Ni(OH)2])^2 [Cd(OH)2] = (([Ni(OH)2])^2 [Cd(OH)2])/(([H2O])^2 [Cd] ([NiOOH])^2)

Rate of reaction

Construct the rate of reaction expression for: H_2O + Cd + NiOOH ⟶ Ni(OH)_2 + Cd(OH)_2 Plan: • Balance the chemical equation. • Determine the stoichiometric numbers. • Assemble the rate term for each chemical species. • Write the rate of reaction expression. Write the balanced chemical equation: 2 H_2O + Cd + 2 NiOOH ⟶ 2 Ni(OH)_2 + Cd(OH)_2 Assign stoichiometric numbers, ν_i, using the stoichiometric coefficients, c_i, from the balanced chemical equation in the following manner: ν_i = -c_i for reactants and ν_i = c_i for products: chemical species | c_i | ν_i H_2O | 2 | -2 Cd | 1 | -1 NiOOH | 2 | -2 Ni(OH)_2 | 2 | 2 Cd(OH)_2 | 1 | 1 The rate term for each chemical species, B_i, is 1/ν_i(Δ[B_i])/(Δt) where [B_i] is the amount concentration and t is time: chemical species | c_i | ν_i | rate term H_2O | 2 | -2 | -1/2 (Δ[H2O])/(Δt) Cd | 1 | -1 | -(Δ[Cd])/(Δt) NiOOH | 2 | -2 | -1/2 (Δ[NiOOH])/(Δt) Ni(OH)_2 | 2 | 2 | 1/2 (Δ[Ni(OH)2])/(Δt) Cd(OH)_2 | 1 | 1 | (Δ[Cd(OH)2])/(Δt) (for infinitesimal rate of change, replace Δ with d) Set the rate terms equal to each other to arrive at the rate expression: Answer: | | rate = -1/2 (Δ[H2O])/(Δt) = -(Δ[Cd])/(Δt) = -1/2 (Δ[NiOOH])/(Δt) = 1/2 (Δ[Ni(OH)2])/(Δt) = (Δ[Cd(OH)2])/(Δt) (assuming constant volume and no accumulation of intermediates or side products)
Construct the rate of reaction expression for: H_2O + Cd + NiOOH ⟶ Ni(OH)_2 + Cd(OH)_2 Plan: • Balance the chemical equation. • Determine the stoichiometric numbers. • Assemble the rate term for each chemical species. • Write the rate of reaction expression. Write the balanced chemical equation: 2 H_2O + Cd + 2 NiOOH ⟶ 2 Ni(OH)_2 + Cd(OH)_2 Assign stoichiometric numbers, ν_i, using the stoichiometric coefficients, c_i, from the balanced chemical equation in the following manner: ν_i = -c_i for reactants and ν_i = c_i for products: chemical species | c_i | ν_i H_2O | 2 | -2 Cd | 1 | -1 NiOOH | 2 | -2 Ni(OH)_2 | 2 | 2 Cd(OH)_2 | 1 | 1 The rate term for each chemical species, B_i, is 1/ν_i(Δ[B_i])/(Δt) where [B_i] is the amount concentration and t is time: chemical species | c_i | ν_i | rate term H_2O | 2 | -2 | -1/2 (Δ[H2O])/(Δt) Cd | 1 | -1 | -(Δ[Cd])/(Δt) NiOOH | 2 | -2 | -1/2 (Δ[NiOOH])/(Δt) Ni(OH)_2 | 2 | 2 | 1/2 (Δ[Ni(OH)2])/(Δt) Cd(OH)_2 | 1 | 1 | (Δ[Cd(OH)2])/(Δt) (for infinitesimal rate of change, replace Δ with d) Set the rate terms equal to each other to arrive at the rate expression: Answer: | | rate = -1/2 (Δ[H2O])/(Δt) = -(Δ[Cd])/(Δt) = -1/2 (Δ[NiOOH])/(Δt) = 1/2 (Δ[Ni(OH)2])/(Δt) = (Δ[Cd(OH)2])/(Δt) (assuming constant volume and no accumulation of intermediates or side products)

Chemical names and formulas

| water | cadmium | NiOOH | nickel(II) hydroxide | cadmium hydroxide formula | H_2O | Cd | NiOOH | Ni(OH)_2 | Cd(OH)_2 Hill formula | H_2O | Cd | HNiO2 | H_2NiO_2 | CdH_2O_2 name | water | cadmium | | nickel(II) hydroxide | cadmium hydroxide
| water | cadmium | NiOOH | nickel(II) hydroxide | cadmium hydroxide formula | H_2O | Cd | NiOOH | Ni(OH)_2 | Cd(OH)_2 Hill formula | H_2O | Cd | HNiO2 | H_2NiO_2 | CdH_2O_2 name | water | cadmium | | nickel(II) hydroxide | cadmium hydroxide

Substance properties

| water | cadmium | NiOOH | nickel(II) hydroxide | cadmium hydroxide molar mass | 18.015 g/mol | 112.414 g/mol | 91.699 g/mol | 92.707 g/mol | 146.43 g/mol phase | liquid (at STP) | solid (at STP) | | | solid (at STP) melting point | 0 °C | 320.9 °C | | | 232 °C boiling point | 99.9839 °C | 765 °C | | | density | 1 g/cm^3 | 8.65 g/cm^3 | | | 4.79 g/cm^3 solubility in water | | insoluble | | | surface tension | 0.0728 N/m | | | | dynamic viscosity | 8.9×10^-4 Pa s (at 25 °C) | | | | odor | odorless | odorless | | |
| water | cadmium | NiOOH | nickel(II) hydroxide | cadmium hydroxide molar mass | 18.015 g/mol | 112.414 g/mol | 91.699 g/mol | 92.707 g/mol | 146.43 g/mol phase | liquid (at STP) | solid (at STP) | | | solid (at STP) melting point | 0 °C | 320.9 °C | | | 232 °C boiling point | 99.9839 °C | 765 °C | | | density | 1 g/cm^3 | 8.65 g/cm^3 | | | 4.79 g/cm^3 solubility in water | | insoluble | | | surface tension | 0.0728 N/m | | | | dynamic viscosity | 8.9×10^-4 Pa s (at 25 °C) | | | | odor | odorless | odorless | | |

Units

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