HF + F2 + CCl4 = HCl + Cl2 + CF3Cl

HF hydrogen fluoride + F_2 fluorine + CCl_4 carbon tetrachloride ⟶ HCl hydrogen chloride + Cl_2 chlorine + CClF_3 chlorotrifluoromethane

Balance the chemical equation algebraically: HF + F_2 + CCl_4 ⟶ HCl + Cl_2 + CClF_3 Add stoichiometric coefficients, c_i, to the reactants and products: c_1 HF + c_2 F_2 + c_3 CCl_4 ⟶ c_4 HCl + c_5 Cl_2 + c_6 CClF_3 Set the number of atoms in the reactants equal to the number of atoms in the products for F, H, C and Cl: F: | c_1 + 2 c_2 = 3 c_6 H: | c_1 = c_4 C: | c_3 = c_6 Cl: | 4 c_3 = c_4 + 2 c_5 + c_6 Since the coefficients are relative quantities and underdetermined, choose a coefficient to set arbitrarily. To keep the coefficients small, the arbitrary value is ordinarily one. For instance, set c_1 = 1 and solve the system of equations for the remaining coefficients: c_1 = 1 c_3 = (2 c_2)/3 + 1/3 c_4 = 1 c_5 = c_2 c_6 = (2 c_2)/3 + 1/3 The resulting system of equations is still underdetermined, so an additional coefficient must be set arbitrarily. Set c_2 = 1 and solve for the remaining coefficients: c_1 = 1 c_2 = 1 c_3 = 1 c_4 = 1 c_5 = 1 c_6 = 1 Substitute the coefficients into the chemical reaction to obtain the balanced equation: Answer: | | HF + F_2 + CCl_4 ⟶ HCl + Cl_2 + CClF_3

+ + ⟶ + +

hydrogen fluoride + fluorine + carbon tetrachloride ⟶ hydrogen chloride + chlorine + chlorotrifluoromethane

Construct the equilibrium constant, K, expression for: HF + F_2 + CCl_4 ⟶ HCl + Cl_2 + CClF_3 Plan: • Balance the chemical equation. • Determine the stoichiometric numbers. • Assemble the activity expression for each chemical species. • Use the activity expressions to build the equilibrium constant expression. Write the balanced chemical equation: HF + F_2 + CCl_4 ⟶ HCl + Cl_2 + CClF_3 Assign stoichiometric numbers, ν_i, using the stoichiometric coefficients, c_i, from the balanced chemical equation in the following manner: ν_i = -c_i for reactants and ν_i = c_i for products: chemical species | c_i | ν_i HF | 1 | -1 F_2 | 1 | -1 CCl_4 | 1 | -1 HCl | 1 | 1 Cl_2 | 1 | 1 CClF_3 | 1 | 1 Assemble the activity expressions accounting for the state of matter and ν_i: chemical species | c_i | ν_i | activity expression HF | 1 | -1 | ([HF])^(-1) F_2 | 1 | -1 | ([F2])^(-1) CCl_4 | 1 | -1 | ([CCl4])^(-1) HCl | 1 | 1 | [HCl] Cl_2 | 1 | 1 | [Cl2] CClF_3 | 1 | 1 | [CClF3] The equilibrium constant symbol in the concentration basis is: K_c Mulitply the activity expressions to arrive at the K_c expression: Answer: | | K_c = ([HF])^(-1) ([F2])^(-1) ([CCl4])^(-1) [HCl] [Cl2] [CClF3] = ([HCl] [Cl2] [CClF3])/([HF] [F2] [CCl4])

Construct the rate of reaction expression for: HF + F_2 + CCl_4 ⟶ HCl + Cl_2 + CClF_3 Plan: • Balance the chemical equation. • Determine the stoichiometric numbers. • Assemble the rate term for each chemical species. • Write the rate of reaction expression. Write the balanced chemical equation: HF + F_2 + CCl_4 ⟶ HCl + Cl_2 + CClF_3 Assign stoichiometric numbers, ν_i, using the stoichiometric coefficients, c_i, from the balanced chemical equation in the following manner: ν_i = -c_i for reactants and ν_i = c_i for products: chemical species | c_i | ν_i HF | 1 | -1 F_2 | 1 | -1 CCl_4 | 1 | -1 HCl | 1 | 1 Cl_2 | 1 | 1 CClF_3 | 1 | 1 The rate term for each chemical species, B_i, is 1/ν_i(Δ[B_i])/(Δt) where [B_i] is the amount concentration and t is time: chemical species | c_i | ν_i | rate term HF | 1 | -1 | -(Δ[HF])/(Δt) F_2 | 1 | -1 | -(Δ[F2])/(Δt) CCl_4 | 1 | -1 | -(Δ[CCl4])/(Δt) HCl | 1 | 1 | (Δ[HCl])/(Δt) Cl_2 | 1 | 1 | (Δ[Cl2])/(Δt) CClF_3 | 1 | 1 | (Δ[CClF3])/(Δt) (for infinitesimal rate of change, replace Δ with d) Set the rate terms equal to each other to arrive at the rate expression: Answer: | | rate = -(Δ[HF])/(Δt) = -(Δ[F2])/(Δt) = -(Δ[CCl4])/(Δt) = (Δ[HCl])/(Δt) = (Δ[Cl2])/(Δt) = (Δ[CClF3])/(Δt) (assuming constant volume and no accumulation of intermediates or side products)

| hydrogen fluoride | fluorine | carbon tetrachloride | hydrogen chloride | chlorine | chlorotrifluoromethane formula | HF | F_2 | CCl_4 | HCl | Cl_2 | CClF_3 Hill formula | FH | F_2 | CCl_4 | ClH | Cl_2 | CClF_3 name | hydrogen fluoride | fluorine | carbon tetrachloride | hydrogen chloride | chlorine | chlorotrifluoromethane IUPAC name | hydrogen fluoride | molecular fluorine | carbon tetrachloride | hydrogen chloride | molecular chlorine | chloro-trifluoro-methane