ZnSO4 + Na2CO3 = Na2SO4 + ZnCO3

ZnSO_4 zinc sulfate + Na_2CO_3 soda ash ⟶ Na_2SO_4 sodium sulfate + ZnCO_3 zinc carbonate

Balance the chemical equation algebraically: ZnSO_4 + Na_2CO_3 ⟶ Na_2SO_4 + ZnCO_3 Add stoichiometric coefficients, c_i, to the reactants and products: c_1 ZnSO_4 + c_2 Na_2CO_3 ⟶ c_3 Na_2SO_4 + c_4 ZnCO_3 Set the number of atoms in the reactants equal to the number of atoms in the products for O, S, Zn, C and Na: O: | 4 c_1 + 3 c_2 = 4 c_3 + 3 c_4 S: | c_1 = c_3 Zn: | c_1 = c_4 C: | c_2 = c_4 Na: | 2 c_2 = 2 c_3 Since the coefficients are relative quantities and underdetermined, choose a coefficient to set arbitrarily. To keep the coefficients small, the arbitrary value is ordinarily one. For instance, set c_1 = 1 and solve the system of equations for the remaining coefficients: c_1 = 1 c_2 = 1 c_3 = 1 c_4 = 1 Substitute the coefficients into the chemical reaction to obtain the balanced equation: Answer: | | ZnSO_4 + Na_2CO_3 ⟶ Na_2SO_4 + ZnCO_3

+ ⟶ +

zinc sulfate + soda ash ⟶ sodium sulfate + zinc carbonate

Construct the equilibrium constant, K, expression for: ZnSO_4 + Na_2CO_3 ⟶ Na_2SO_4 + ZnCO_3 Plan: • Balance the chemical equation. • Determine the stoichiometric numbers. • Assemble the activity expression for each chemical species. • Use the activity expressions to build the equilibrium constant expression. Write the balanced chemical equation: ZnSO_4 + Na_2CO_3 ⟶ Na_2SO_4 + ZnCO_3 Assign stoichiometric numbers, ν_i, using the stoichiometric coefficients, c_i, from the balanced chemical equation in the following manner: ν_i = -c_i for reactants and ν_i = c_i for products: chemical species | c_i | ν_i ZnSO_4 | 1 | -1 Na_2CO_3 | 1 | -1 Na_2SO_4 | 1 | 1 ZnCO_3 | 1 | 1 Assemble the activity expressions accounting for the state of matter and ν_i: chemical species | c_i | ν_i | activity expression ZnSO_4 | 1 | -1 | ([ZnSO4])^(-1) Na_2CO_3 | 1 | -1 | ([Na2CO3])^(-1) Na_2SO_4 | 1 | 1 | [Na2SO4] ZnCO_3 | 1 | 1 | [ZnCO3] The equilibrium constant symbol in the concentration basis is: K_c Mulitply the activity expressions to arrive at the K_c expression: Answer: | | K_c = ([ZnSO4])^(-1) ([Na2CO3])^(-1) [Na2SO4] [ZnCO3] = ([Na2SO4] [ZnCO3])/([ZnSO4] [Na2CO3])

Construct the rate of reaction expression for: ZnSO_4 + Na_2CO_3 ⟶ Na_2SO_4 + ZnCO_3 Plan: • Balance the chemical equation. • Determine the stoichiometric numbers. • Assemble the rate term for each chemical species. • Write the rate of reaction expression. Write the balanced chemical equation: ZnSO_4 + Na_2CO_3 ⟶ Na_2SO_4 + ZnCO_3 Assign stoichiometric numbers, ν_i, using the stoichiometric coefficients, c_i, from the balanced chemical equation in the following manner: ν_i = -c_i for reactants and ν_i = c_i for products: chemical species | c_i | ν_i ZnSO_4 | 1 | -1 Na_2CO_3 | 1 | -1 Na_2SO_4 | 1 | 1 ZnCO_3 | 1 | 1 The rate term for each chemical species, B_i, is 1/ν_i(Δ[B_i])/(Δt) where [B_i] is the amount concentration and t is time: chemical species | c_i | ν_i | rate term ZnSO_4 | 1 | -1 | -(Δ[ZnSO4])/(Δt) Na_2CO_3 | 1 | -1 | -(Δ[Na2CO3])/(Δt) Na_2SO_4 | 1 | 1 | (Δ[Na2SO4])/(Δt) ZnCO_3 | 1 | 1 | (Δ[ZnCO3])/(Δt) (for infinitesimal rate of change, replace Δ with d) Set the rate terms equal to each other to arrive at the rate expression: Answer: | | rate = -(Δ[ZnSO4])/(Δt) = -(Δ[Na2CO3])/(Δt) = (Δ[Na2SO4])/(Δt) = (Δ[ZnCO3])/(Δt) (assuming constant volume and no accumulation of intermediates or side products)

| zinc sulfate | soda ash | sodium sulfate | zinc carbonate formula | ZnSO_4 | Na_2CO_3 | Na_2SO_4 | ZnCO_3 Hill formula | O_4SZn | CNa_2O_3 | Na_2O_4S | CO_3Zn name | zinc sulfate | soda ash | sodium sulfate | zinc carbonate IUPAC name | zinc sulfate | disodium carbonate | disodium sulfate | zinc carbonate

| zinc sulfate | soda ash | sodium sulfate | zinc carbonate molar mass | 161.4 g/mol | 105.99 g/mol | 142.04 g/mol | 125.4 g/mol phase | | solid (at STP) | solid (at STP) | melting point | | 851 °C | 884 °C | boiling point | | 1600 °C | 1429 °C | density | 1.005 g/cm^3 | | 2.68 g/cm^3 | 4.3476 g/cm^3 solubility in water | soluble | soluble | soluble | insoluble dynamic viscosity | | 0.00355 Pa s (at 900 °C) | | odor | odorless | | |