HNO3 + C4H10 = H2O + C4H9NO2

HNO_3 nitric acid + CH_3CH_2CH_2CH_3 butane ⟶ H_2O water + C_4H_9NO_2 N-methylurethane

Balance the chemical equation algebraically: HNO_3 + CH_3CH_2CH_2CH_3 ⟶ H_2O + C_4H_9NO_2 Add stoichiometric coefficients, c_i, to the reactants and products: c_1 HNO_3 + c_2 CH_3CH_2CH_2CH_3 ⟶ c_3 H_2O + c_4 C_4H_9NO_2 Set the number of atoms in the reactants equal to the number of atoms in the products for H, N, O and C: H: | c_1 + 10 c_2 = 2 c_3 + 9 c_4 N: | c_1 = c_4 O: | 3 c_1 = c_3 + 2 c_4 C: | 4 c_2 = 4 c_4 Since the coefficients are relative quantities and underdetermined, choose a coefficient to set arbitrarily. To keep the coefficients small, the arbitrary value is ordinarily one. For instance, set c_1 = 1 and solve the system of equations for the remaining coefficients: c_1 = 1 c_2 = 1 c_3 = 1 c_4 = 1 Substitute the coefficients into the chemical reaction to obtain the balanced equation: Answer: | | HNO_3 + CH_3CH_2CH_2CH_3 ⟶ H_2O + C_4H_9NO_2

+ ⟶ +

nitric acid + butane ⟶ water + N-methylurethane

Construct the equilibrium constant, K, expression for: HNO_3 + CH_3CH_2CH_2CH_3 ⟶ H_2O + C_4H_9NO_2 Plan: • Balance the chemical equation. • Determine the stoichiometric numbers. • Assemble the activity expression for each chemical species. • Use the activity expressions to build the equilibrium constant expression. Write the balanced chemical equation: HNO_3 + CH_3CH_2CH_2CH_3 ⟶ H_2O + C_4H_9NO_2 Assign stoichiometric numbers, ν_i, using the stoichiometric coefficients, c_i, from the balanced chemical equation in the following manner: ν_i = -c_i for reactants and ν_i = c_i for products: chemical species | c_i | ν_i HNO_3 | 1 | -1 CH_3CH_2CH_2CH_3 | 1 | -1 H_2O | 1 | 1 C_4H_9NO_2 | 1 | 1 Assemble the activity expressions accounting for the state of matter and ν_i: chemical species | c_i | ν_i | activity expression HNO_3 | 1 | -1 | ([HNO3])^(-1) CH_3CH_2CH_2CH_3 | 1 | -1 | ([CH3CH2CH2CH3])^(-1) H_2O | 1 | 1 | [H2O] C_4H_9NO_2 | 1 | 1 | [C4H9NO2] The equilibrium constant symbol in the concentration basis is: K_c Mulitply the activity expressions to arrive at the K_c expression: Answer: | | K_c = ([HNO3])^(-1) ([CH3CH2CH2CH3])^(-1) [H2O] [C4H9NO2] = ([H2O] [C4H9NO2])/([HNO3] [CH3CH2CH2CH3])

Construct the rate of reaction expression for: HNO_3 + CH_3CH_2CH_2CH_3 ⟶ H_2O + C_4H_9NO_2 Plan: • Balance the chemical equation. • Determine the stoichiometric numbers. • Assemble the rate term for each chemical species. • Write the rate of reaction expression. Write the balanced chemical equation: HNO_3 + CH_3CH_2CH_2CH_3 ⟶ H_2O + C_4H_9NO_2 Assign stoichiometric numbers, ν_i, using the stoichiometric coefficients, c_i, from the balanced chemical equation in the following manner: ν_i = -c_i for reactants and ν_i = c_i for products: chemical species | c_i | ν_i HNO_3 | 1 | -1 CH_3CH_2CH_2CH_3 | 1 | -1 H_2O | 1 | 1 C_4H_9NO_2 | 1 | 1 The rate term for each chemical species, B_i, is 1/ν_i(Δ[B_i])/(Δt) where [B_i] is the amount concentration and t is time: chemical species | c_i | ν_i | rate term HNO_3 | 1 | -1 | -(Δ[HNO3])/(Δt) CH_3CH_2CH_2CH_3 | 1 | -1 | -(Δ[CH3CH2CH2CH3])/(Δt) H_2O | 1 | 1 | (Δ[H2O])/(Δt) C_4H_9NO_2 | 1 | 1 | (Δ[C4H9NO2])/(Δt) (for infinitesimal rate of change, replace Δ with d) Set the rate terms equal to each other to arrive at the rate expression: Answer: | | rate = -(Δ[HNO3])/(Δt) = -(Δ[CH3CH2CH2CH3])/(Δt) = (Δ[H2O])/(Δt) = (Δ[C4H9NO2])/(Δt) (assuming constant volume and no accumulation of intermediates or side products)

| nitric acid | butane | water | N-methylurethane formula | HNO_3 | CH_3CH_2CH_2CH_3 | H_2O | C_4H_9NO_2 Hill formula | HNO_3 | C_4H_10 | H_2O | C_4H_9NO_2 name | nitric acid | butane | water | N-methylurethane IUPAC name | nitric acid | butane | water | ethyl N-methylcarbamate

| nitric acid | butane | water | N-methylurethane molar mass | 63.012 g/mol | 58.12 g/mol | 18.015 g/mol | 103.12 g/mol phase | liquid (at STP) | gas (at STP) | liquid (at STP) | liquid (at STP) melting point | -41.6 °C | -138.3 °C | 0 °C | boiling point | 83 °C | -0.5 °C | 99.9839 °C | 170 °C density | 1.5129 g/cm^3 | 0.00249343 g/cm^3 (at 20 °C) | 1 g/cm^3 | 1.035 g/cm^3 solubility in water | miscible | | | soluble surface tension | | 0.01487 N/m | 0.0728 N/m | 0.03236 N/m dynamic viscosity | 7.6×10^-4 Pa s (at 25 °C) | 7×10^-6 Pa s (at 25 °C) | 8.9×10^-4 Pa s (at 25 °C) | odor | | | odorless |