H2SO4 + Li = H2O + SO2 + LiHSO4

H_2SO_4 sulfuric acid + Li lithium ⟶ H_2O water + SO_2 sulfur dioxide + LiHSO4

Balance the chemical equation algebraically: H_2SO_4 + Li ⟶ H_2O + SO_2 + LiHSO4 Add stoichiometric coefficients, c_i, to the reactants and products: c_1 H_2SO_4 + c_2 Li ⟶ c_3 H_2O + c_4 SO_2 + c_5 LiHSO4 Set the number of atoms in the reactants equal to the number of atoms in the products for H, O, S and Li: H: | 2 c_1 = 2 c_3 + c_5 O: | 4 c_1 = c_3 + 2 c_4 + 4 c_5 S: | c_1 = c_4 + c_5 Li: | c_2 = c_5 Since the coefficients are relative quantities and underdetermined, choose a coefficient to set arbitrarily. To keep the coefficients small, the arbitrary value is ordinarily one. For instance, set c_4 = 1 and solve the system of equations for the remaining coefficients: c_1 = 3 c_2 = 2 c_3 = 2 c_4 = 1 c_5 = 2 Substitute the coefficients into the chemical reaction to obtain the balanced equation: Answer: | | 3 H_2SO_4 + 2 Li ⟶ 2 H_2O + SO_2 + 2 LiHSO4

+ ⟶ + + LiHSO4

sulfuric acid + lithium ⟶ water + sulfur dioxide + LiHSO4

Construct the equilibrium constant, K, expression for: H_2SO_4 + Li ⟶ H_2O + SO_2 + LiHSO4 Plan: • Balance the chemical equation. • Determine the stoichiometric numbers. • Assemble the activity expression for each chemical species. • Use the activity expressions to build the equilibrium constant expression. Write the balanced chemical equation: 3 H_2SO_4 + 2 Li ⟶ 2 H_2O + SO_2 + 2 LiHSO4 Assign stoichiometric numbers, ν_i, using the stoichiometric coefficients, c_i, from the balanced chemical equation in the following manner: ν_i = -c_i for reactants and ν_i = c_i for products: chemical species | c_i | ν_i H_2SO_4 | 3 | -3 Li | 2 | -2 H_2O | 2 | 2 SO_2 | 1 | 1 LiHSO4 | 2 | 2 Assemble the activity expressions accounting for the state of matter and ν_i: chemical species | c_i | ν_i | activity expression H_2SO_4 | 3 | -3 | ([H2SO4])^(-3) Li | 2 | -2 | ([Li])^(-2) H_2O | 2 | 2 | ([H2O])^2 SO_2 | 1 | 1 | [SO2] LiHSO4 | 2 | 2 | ([LiHSO4])^2 The equilibrium constant symbol in the concentration basis is: K_c Mulitply the activity expressions to arrive at the K_c expression: Answer: | | K_c = ([H2SO4])^(-3) ([Li])^(-2) ([H2O])^2 [SO2] ([LiHSO4])^2 = (([H2O])^2 [SO2] ([LiHSO4])^2)/(([H2SO4])^3 ([Li])^2)

Construct the rate of reaction expression for: H_2SO_4 + Li ⟶ H_2O + SO_2 + LiHSO4 Plan: • Balance the chemical equation. • Determine the stoichiometric numbers. • Assemble the rate term for each chemical species. • Write the rate of reaction expression. Write the balanced chemical equation: 3 H_2SO_4 + 2 Li ⟶ 2 H_2O + SO_2 + 2 LiHSO4 Assign stoichiometric numbers, ν_i, using the stoichiometric coefficients, c_i, from the balanced chemical equation in the following manner: ν_i = -c_i for reactants and ν_i = c_i for products: chemical species | c_i | ν_i H_2SO_4 | 3 | -3 Li | 2 | -2 H_2O | 2 | 2 SO_2 | 1 | 1 LiHSO4 | 2 | 2 The rate term for each chemical species, B_i, is 1/ν_i(Δ[B_i])/(Δt) where [B_i] is the amount concentration and t is time: chemical species | c_i | ν_i | rate term H_2SO_4 | 3 | -3 | -1/3 (Δ[H2SO4])/(Δt) Li | 2 | -2 | -1/2 (Δ[Li])/(Δt) H_2O | 2 | 2 | 1/2 (Δ[H2O])/(Δt) SO_2 | 1 | 1 | (Δ[SO2])/(Δt) LiHSO4 | 2 | 2 | 1/2 (Δ[LiHSO4])/(Δt) (for infinitesimal rate of change, replace Δ with d) Set the rate terms equal to each other to arrive at the rate expression: Answer: | | rate = -1/3 (Δ[H2SO4])/(Δt) = -1/2 (Δ[Li])/(Δt) = 1/2 (Δ[H2O])/(Δt) = (Δ[SO2])/(Δt) = 1/2 (Δ[LiHSO4])/(Δt) (assuming constant volume and no accumulation of intermediates or side products)

| sulfuric acid | lithium | water | sulfur dioxide | LiHSO4 formula | H_2SO_4 | Li | H_2O | SO_2 | LiHSO4 Hill formula | H_2O_4S | Li | H_2O | O_2S | HLiO4S name | sulfuric acid | lithium | water | sulfur dioxide |