Al + WO3 = Al2O3 + W

Al aluminum + WO_3 tungsten trioxide ⟶ Al_2O_3 aluminum oxide + W tungsten

Balance the chemical equation algebraically: Al + WO_3 ⟶ Al_2O_3 + W Add stoichiometric coefficients, c_i, to the reactants and products: c_1 Al + c_2 WO_3 ⟶ c_3 Al_2O_3 + c_4 W Set the number of atoms in the reactants equal to the number of atoms in the products for Al, O and W: Al: | c_1 = 2 c_3 O: | 3 c_2 = 3 c_3 W: | c_2 = c_4 Since the coefficients are relative quantities and underdetermined, choose a coefficient to set arbitrarily. To keep the coefficients small, the arbitrary value is ordinarily one. For instance, set c_2 = 1 and solve the system of equations for the remaining coefficients: c_1 = 2 c_2 = 1 c_3 = 1 c_4 = 1 Substitute the coefficients into the chemical reaction to obtain the balanced equation: Answer: | | 2 Al + WO_3 ⟶ Al_2O_3 + W

+ ⟶ +

aluminum + tungsten trioxide ⟶ aluminum oxide + tungsten

| aluminum | tungsten trioxide | aluminum oxide | tungsten molecular enthalpy | 0 kJ/mol | -842.9 kJ/mol | -1676 kJ/mol | 0 kJ/mol total enthalpy | 0 kJ/mol | -842.9 kJ/mol | -1676 kJ/mol | 0 kJ/mol | H_initial = -842.9 kJ/mol | | H_final = -1676 kJ/mol | ΔH_rxn^0 | -1676 kJ/mol - -842.9 kJ/mol = -833.1 kJ/mol (exothermic) | | |

Construct the equilibrium constant, K, expression for: Al + WO_3 ⟶ Al_2O_3 + W Plan: • Balance the chemical equation. • Determine the stoichiometric numbers. • Assemble the activity expression for each chemical species. • Use the activity expressions to build the equilibrium constant expression. Write the balanced chemical equation: 2 Al + WO_3 ⟶ Al_2O_3 + W Assign stoichiometric numbers, ν_i, using the stoichiometric coefficients, c_i, from the balanced chemical equation in the following manner: ν_i = -c_i for reactants and ν_i = c_i for products: chemical species | c_i | ν_i Al | 2 | -2 WO_3 | 1 | -1 Al_2O_3 | 1 | 1 W | 1 | 1 Assemble the activity expressions accounting for the state of matter and ν_i: chemical species | c_i | ν_i | activity expression Al | 2 | -2 | ([Al])^(-2) WO_3 | 1 | -1 | ([WO3])^(-1) Al_2O_3 | 1 | 1 | [Al2O3] W | 1 | 1 | [W] The equilibrium constant symbol in the concentration basis is: K_c Mulitply the activity expressions to arrive at the K_c expression: Answer: | | K_c = ([Al])^(-2) ([WO3])^(-1) [Al2O3] [W] = ([Al2O3] [W])/(([Al])^2 [WO3])

Construct the rate of reaction expression for: Al + WO_3 ⟶ Al_2O_3 + W Plan: • Balance the chemical equation. • Determine the stoichiometric numbers. • Assemble the rate term for each chemical species. • Write the rate of reaction expression. Write the balanced chemical equation: 2 Al + WO_3 ⟶ Al_2O_3 + W Assign stoichiometric numbers, ν_i, using the stoichiometric coefficients, c_i, from the balanced chemical equation in the following manner: ν_i = -c_i for reactants and ν_i = c_i for products: chemical species | c_i | ν_i Al | 2 | -2 WO_3 | 1 | -1 Al_2O_3 | 1 | 1 W | 1 | 1 The rate term for each chemical species, B_i, is 1/ν_i(Δ[B_i])/(Δt) where [B_i] is the amount concentration and t is time: chemical species | c_i | ν_i | rate term Al | 2 | -2 | -1/2 (Δ[Al])/(Δt) WO_3 | 1 | -1 | -(Δ[WO3])/(Δt) Al_2O_3 | 1 | 1 | (Δ[Al2O3])/(Δt) W | 1 | 1 | (Δ[W])/(Δt) (for infinitesimal rate of change, replace Δ with d) Set the rate terms equal to each other to arrive at the rate expression: Answer: | | rate = -1/2 (Δ[Al])/(Δt) = -(Δ[WO3])/(Δt) = (Δ[Al2O3])/(Δt) = (Δ[W])/(Δt) (assuming constant volume and no accumulation of intermediates or side products)

| aluminum | tungsten trioxide | aluminum oxide | tungsten formula | Al | WO_3 | Al_2O_3 | W Hill formula | Al | O_3W | Al_2O_3 | W name | aluminum | tungsten trioxide | aluminum oxide | tungsten IUPAC name | aluminum | | dialuminum;oxygen(2-) | tungsten

| aluminum | tungsten trioxide | aluminum oxide | tungsten molar mass | 26.9815385 g/mol | 231.84 g/mol | 101.96 g/mol | 183.84 g/mol phase | solid (at STP) | solid (at STP) | solid (at STP) | solid (at STP) melting point | 660.4 °C | 1473 °C | 2040 °C | 3410 °C boiling point | 2460 °C | | | 5660 °C density | 2.7 g/cm^3 | 7.16 g/cm^3 | | 19.3 g/cm^3 solubility in water | insoluble | insoluble | | insoluble surface tension | 0.817 N/m | | | dynamic viscosity | 1.5×10^-4 Pa s (at 760 °C) | | | odor | odorless | | odorless |