carbon vs silicon vs germanium vs zirconium

carbon (chemical element) | silicon (chemical element) | germanium (chemical element) | zirconium (chemical element)

Periodic table location

Images

| atomic symbol | atomic number | short electronic configuration carbon | C | 6 | [He]2s^22p^2 silicon | Si | 14 | [Ne]3s^23p^2 germanium | Ge | 32 | [Ar]4s^23d^104p^2 zirconium | Zr | 40 | [Kr]5s^24d^2 | Aufbau diagram | block | group carbon | 2p 2s | p | 14 silicon | 3p 3s | p | 14 germanium | 4p 3d 4s | p | 14 zirconium | 4d 5s | d | 4 | period | atomic mass | half-life carbon | 2 | 12.011 u | (stable) silicon | 3 | 28.085 u | (stable) germanium | 4 | 72.63 u | (stable) zirconium | 5 | 91.224 u | (stable)

phase at STP | all | solid melting point | median | 1635 °C | highest | 3550 °C (carbon) | lowest | 938.3 °C (germanium) | distribution | boiling point | median | 3500 °C | highest | 4409 °C (zirconium) | lowest | 2820 °C (germanium) molar heat of fusion | median | 41 kJ/mol | highest | 105 kJ/mol (carbon) | lowest | 21 kJ/mol (zirconium) | distribution | molar heat of vaporization | median | 470 kJ/mol | highest | 715 kJ/mol (carbon) | lowest | 334 kJ/mol (germanium) | distribution | specific heat at STP | median | 516 J/(kg K) | highest | 710 J/(kg K) (carbon and silicon) | lowest | 278 J/(kg K) (zirconium) | distribution | (properties at standard conditions)

density | median | 3.827 g/cm^3 | highest | 6.511 g/cm^3 (zirconium) | lowest | 2.26 g/cm^3 (carbon) | distribution | liquid density | median | 5.6 g/cm^3 | highest | 5.8 g/cm^3 (zirconium) | lowest | 2.57 g/cm^3 (silicon) molar volume | median | 12.85 cm^3/mol | highest | 14.01 cm^3/mol (zirconium) | lowest | 5.315 cm^3/mol (carbon) | distribution | Mohs hardness | median | 5.5 | highest | 6.5 (between microcline and quartz) (silicon) | lowest | 0.5 (between talc and gypsum) (carbon) | distribution | Vickers hardness | all | 903 MPa | 8010 MPa | 9630 MPa Brinell hardness | all | 650 MPa | 7270 MPa Poisson ratio | all | 0.34 ultimate tensile strength | all | 330 MPa sound speed | median | 4600 m/s | highest | 18350 m/s (carbon) | lowest | 2200 m/s (silicon) | distribution | thermal expansion | median | 6×10^-6 K^(-1) | highest | 7.1×10^-6 K^(-1) (carbon) | lowest | 2.6×10^-6 K^(-1) (silicon) | distribution | thermal conductivity | median | 100 W/(m K) | highest | 150 W/(m K) (silicon) | lowest | 23 W/(m K) (zirconium) | distribution | (properties at standard conditions)

resistivity | median | 2.6×10^-4 Ω m (ohm meters) | highest | 0.001 Ω m (ohm meters) (silicon) | lowest | 4.2×10^-7 Ω m (ohm meters) (zirconium) | distribution | electrical conductivity | median | 51000 S/m (siemens per meter) | highest | 2.4×10^6 S/m (siemens per meter) (zirconium) | lowest | 1000 S/m (siemens per meter) (silicon) volume magnetic susceptibility | median | -5.86×10^-6 | highest | 1.09×10^-4 (zirconium) | lowest | -1.4×10^-5 (carbon) mass magnetic susceptibility | median | -1.55×10^-9 m^3/kg (cubic meters per kilogram) | highest | 1.68×10^-8 m^3/kg (cubic meters per kilogram) (zirconium) | lowest | -6.2×10^-9 m^3/kg (cubic meters per kilogram) (carbon) molar magnetic susceptibility | median | -5.97×10^-11 m^3/mol (cubic meters per mole) | highest | 1.53×10^-9 m^3/mol (cubic meters per mole) (zirconium) | lowest | -1.09×10^-10 m^3/mol (cubic meters per mole) (germanium) work function | all | 4.05 eV | 5 eV | (4.6 to 4.91) eV

valence | median | 4 | highest | 4 (4 elements) | lowest | 4 (4 elements) electronegativity | median | 1.96 | highest | 2.55 (carbon) | lowest | 1.33 (zirconium) | distribution | electron affinity | median | 126 kJ/mol (kilojoules per mole) | highest | 153.9 kJ/mol (kilojoules per mole) (carbon) | lowest | 41.1 kJ/mol (kilojoules per mole) (zirconium) | distribution | first ionization energy | median | 774 kJ/mol (kilojoules per mole) | highest | 1086.5 kJ/mol (kilojoules per mole) (carbon) | lowest | 640.1 kJ/mol (kilojoules per mole) (zirconium) | distribution |

term symbol | all | ^3F_2 | ^3P_0 atomic radius | median | 118 pm | highest | 155 pm (zirconium) | lowest | 70 pm (carbon) | distribution | covalent radius | median | 116 pm | highest | 175 pm (zirconium) | lowest | 76 pm (carbon) | distribution | (electronic ground state properties)

universe abundance | median | 0.035 mass% | highest | 0.5 mass% (carbon) | lowest | 5×10^-6 mass% (zirconium) solar abundance | median | 0.045 mass% | highest | 0.3 mass% (carbon) | lowest | 4×10^-6 mass% (zirconium) meteorite abundance | median | 0.75 mass% | highest | 14 mass% (silicon) | lowest | 6.6×10^-4 mass% (zirconium) crust abundance | median | 0.097 mass% | highest | 27 mass% (silicon) | lowest | 1.4×10^-4 mass% (germanium) ocean abundance | median | 5×10^-5 mass% | highest | 0.0028 mass% (carbon) | lowest | 2.6×10^-9 mass% (zirconium) human abundance | median | 0.026 mass% | highest | 23 mass% (carbon) | lowest | 5×10^-6 mass% (zirconium) universe molar abundance | median | 0.0015 mol% | highest | 0.05 mol% (carbon) | lowest | 7×10^-8 mol% (zirconium) solar molar abundance | median | 0.002 mol% | highest | 0.03 mol% (carbon) | lowest | 5×10^-8 mol% (zirconium) meteorite molar abundance | median | 0.9 mol% | highest | 10 mol% (silicon) | lowest | 1.6×10^-4 mol% (zirconium) ocean molar abundance | median | 1.1×10^-5 mol% | highest | 0.0014 mol% (carbon) | lowest | 1.8×10^-10 mol% (zirconium) crust molar abundance | median | 0.16 mol% | highest | 20 mol% (silicon) | lowest | 3.9×10^-5 mol% (germanium) human molar abundance | median | 0.0058 mol% | highest | 12 mol% (carbon) | lowest | 3×10^-7 mol% (zirconium)