vanadium vs copper vs cobalt

vanadium (chemical element) | copper (chemical element) | cobalt (chemical element)

Periodic table location

Images

| vanadium | copper | cobalt atomic symbol | V | Cu | Co atomic number | 23 | 29 | 27 short electronic configuration | [Ar]4s^23d^3 | [Ar]4s^13d^10 | [Ar]4s^23d^7 Aufbau diagram | 3d 4s | 3d 4s | 3d 4s block | d | d | d group | 5 | 11 | 9 period | 4 | 4 | 4 atomic mass | 50.9415 u | 63.546 u | 58.933194 u half-life | (stable) | (stable) | (stable)

| vanadium | copper | cobalt phase at STP | solid | solid | solid melting point | 1910 °C | 1084.62 °C | 1495 °C boiling point | 3407 °C | 2562 °C | 2927 °C molar heat of fusion | 22.8 kJ/mol | 13.1 kJ/mol | 16.2 kJ/mol molar heat of vaporization | 453 kJ/mol | 300 kJ/mol | 375 kJ/mol specific heat at STP | 489 J/(kg K) | 384.4 J/(kg K) | 421 J/(kg K) (properties at standard conditions)

| vanadium | copper | cobalt density | 6.11 g/cm^3 | 8.96 g/cm^3 | 8.9 g/cm^3 liquid density | 5.5 g/cm^3 | 8.02 g/cm^3 | 7.75 g/cm^3 molar volume | 8.337 cm^3/mol | 7.092 cm^3/mol | 6.6 cm^3/mol Mohs hardness | 7 (≈ quartz) | 3 (≈ calcite) | 5 (≈ apatite) Vickers hardness | 628 MPa | 369 MPa | 1043 MPa Brinell hardness | 628 MPa | 874 MPa | 700 MPa bulk modulus | 160 GPa | 140 GPa | 180 GPa shear modulus | 47 GPa | 48 GPa | 75 GPa Young's modulus | 128 GPa | 130 GPa | 209 GPa Poisson ratio | 0.37 | 0.34 | 0.31 tensile yield strength | | | 225 MPa sound speed | 4560 m/s | 3570 m/s | 4720 m/s thermal expansion | 8.4×10^-6 K^(-1) | 1.65×10^-5 K^(-1) | 1.3×10^-5 K^(-1) thermal conductivity | 31 W/(m K) | 400 W/(m K) | 100 W/(m K) (properties at standard conditions)

| vanadium | copper | cobalt electrical type | conductor | conductor | conductor resistivity | 2×10^-7 Ω m (ohm meters) | 1.7×10^-8 Ω m (ohm meters) | 6×10^-8 Ω m (ohm meters) electrical conductivity | 5×10^6 S/m (siemens per meter) | 5.9×10^7 S/m (siemens per meter) | 1.7×10^7 S/m (siemens per meter) magnetic type | paramagnetic | diamagnetic | ferromagnetic volume magnetic susceptibility | 3.837×10^-4 | -9.63×10^-6 | mass magnetic susceptibility | 6.28×10^-8 m^3/kg (cubic meters per kilogram) | -1.08×10^-9 m^3/kg (cubic meters per kilogram) | molar magnetic susceptibility | 3.199×10^-9 m^3/mol (cubic meters per mole) | -6.86×10^-11 m^3/mol (cubic meters per mole) | Curie point | | | 1394 K (kelvins) work function | 4.3 eV (Polycrystalline) | (4.48 to 5.1) eV | 5 eV (Polycrystalline) threshold frequency | 1.04×10^15 Hz (hertz) | (1.083×10^15 to 1.233×10^15) Hz (hertz) | 1.209×10^15 Hz (hertz) superconducting point | 5.4 K (kelvins) | | (unknown) color | (silver) | (copper) | (gray)

| vanadium | copper | cobalt valence | 5 | 2 | 4 electronegativity | 1.63 | 1.9 | 1.88 electron affinity | 50.6 kJ/mol (kilojoules per mole) | 118.4 kJ/mol (kilojoules per mole) | 63.7 kJ/mol (kilojoules per mole) first ionization energy | 650.9 kJ/mol (kilojoules per mole) | 745.5 kJ/mol (kilojoules per mole) | 760.4 kJ/mol (kilojoules per mole) ionization energies | 650.9 kJ/mol | 1414 kJ/mol | 2830 kJ/mol | 4507 kJ/mol | 6298.7 kJ/mol | 12363 kJ/mol | 14530 kJ/mol | 16730 kJ/mol | 19860 kJ/mol | 22240 kJ/mol | 24670 kJ/mol | 29730 kJ/mol | 32446 kJ/mol | 86450 kJ/mol | 94170 kJ/mol | 102300 kJ/mol | 112700 kJ/mol | 121600 kJ/mol | 130700 kJ/mol | 143400 kJ/mol | 151440 kJ/mol | 745.5 kJ/mol | 1957.9 kJ/mol | 3555 kJ/mol | 5536 kJ/mol | 7700 kJ/mol | 9900 kJ/mol | 13400 kJ/mol | 16000 kJ/mol | 19200 kJ/mol | 22400 kJ/mol | 25600 kJ/mol | 35600 kJ/mol | 38700 kJ/mol | 42000 kJ/mol | 46700 kJ/mol | 50200 kJ/mol | 53700 kJ/mol | 61100 kJ/mol | 64702 kJ/mol | 163700 kJ/mol | 174100 kJ/mol | 760.4 kJ/mol | 1648 kJ/mol | 3232 kJ/mol | 4950 kJ/mol | 7670 kJ/mol | 9840 kJ/mol | 12440 kJ/mol | 15230 kJ/mol | 17959 kJ/mol | 26570 kJ/mol | 29400 kJ/mol | 32400 kJ/mol | 36600 kJ/mol | 39700 kJ/mol | 42800 kJ/mol | 49396 kJ/mol | 52737 kJ/mol | 134810 kJ/mol | 145170 kJ/mol | 154700 kJ/mol | 167400 kJ/mol

Reactivity

| vanadium | copper | cobalt term symbol | ^4F_(3/2) | ^2S_(1/2) | ^4F_(9/2) atomic radius | 135 pm | 135 pm | 135 pm covalent radius | 153 pm | 132 pm | 126 pm van der Waals radius | | 140 pm | (unknown) (electronic ground state properties)

| vanadium | copper | cobalt universe abundance | 1×10^-4 mass% | 6×10^-6 mass% | 3×10^-4 mass% solar abundance | 4×10^-5 mass% | 7×10^-5 mass% | 4×10^-4 mass% meteorite abundance | 0.0061 mass% | 0.011 mass% | 0.059 mass% crust abundance | 0.019 mass% | 0.0068 mass% | 0.003 mass% ocean abundance | 1.5×10^-7 mass% | 3×10^-7 mass% | 8×10^-9 mass% human abundance | 3×10^-6 mass% | 1×10^-4 mass% | 2×10^-6 mass% universe molar abundance | 2×10^-6 mol% | 1×10^-7 mol% | 6×10^-6 mol% solar molar abundance | 9×10^-7 mol% | 9.9×10^-7 mol% | 7×10^-6 mol% meteorite molar abundance | 0.0023 mol% | 0.0031 mol% | 0.02 mol% ocean molar abundance | 1.8×10^-8 mol% | 2.9×10^-8 mol% | 8×10^-10 mol% crust molar abundance | 0.0075 mol% | 0.0022 mol% | 9.9×10^-4 mol% human molar abundance | 4×10^-7 mol% | 9.9×10^-6 mol% | 2×10^-7 mol%