gallium vs scandium vs nickel vs copper

gallium (chemical element) | scandium (chemical element) | nickel (chemical element) | copper (chemical element)

Periodic table location

Images

| atomic symbol | atomic number | short electronic configuration gallium | Ga | 31 | [Ar]4s^23d^104p^1 scandium | Sc | 21 | [Ar]4s^23d^1 nickel | Ni | 28 | [Ar]4s^23d^8 copper | Cu | 29 | [Ar]4s^13d^10 | Aufbau diagram | block | group gallium | 4p 3d 4s | p | 13 scandium | 3d 4s | d | 3 nickel | 3d 4s | d | 10 copper | 3d 4s | d | 11 | period | atomic mass | half-life gallium | 4 | 69.723 u | (stable) scandium | 4 | 44.955908 u | (stable) nickel | 4 | 58.6934 u | (stable) copper | 4 | 63.546 u | (stable)

phase at STP | all | solid melting point | median | 1270 °C | highest | 1541 °C (scandium) | lowest | 29.76 °C (gallium) | distribution | boiling point | median | 2696 °C | highest | 2913 °C (nickel) | lowest | 2204 °C (gallium) | distribution | molar heat of fusion | median | 15 kJ/mol | highest | 17.2 kJ/mol (nickel) | lowest | 5.59 kJ/mol (gallium) | distribution | molar heat of vaporization | median | 310 kJ/mol | highest | 378 kJ/mol (nickel) | lowest | 256 kJ/mol (gallium) | distribution | specific heat at STP | median | 415 J/(kg K) | highest | 567 J/(kg K) (scandium) | lowest | 371 J/(kg K) (gallium) | distribution | (properties at standard conditions)

density | median | 7.406 g/cm^3 | highest | 8.96 g/cm^3 (copper) | lowest | 2.985 g/cm^3 (scandium) | distribution | liquid density | median | 6.952 g/cm^3 | highest | 8.02 g/cm^3 (copper) | lowest | 2.8 g/cm^3 (scandium) | distribution | molar volume | median | 9.45 cm^3/mol | highest | 15.06 cm^3/mol (scandium) | lowest | 6.589 cm^3/mol (nickel) | distribution | Mohs hardness | median | 3 | highest | 4 (≈ fluorite) (nickel) | lowest | 1.5 (between talc and gypsum) (gallium) | distribution | Vickers hardness | all | 369 MPa | 638 MPa Brinell hardness | all | 60 MPa | 700 MPa | 750 MPa | 874 MPa bulk modulus | median | 140 GPa | highest | 180 GPa (nickel) | lowest | 57 GPa (scandium) | distribution | shear modulus | median | 48 GPa | highest | 76 GPa (nickel) | lowest | 29 GPa (scandium) | distribution | Young's modulus | median | 130 GPa | highest | 200 GPa (nickel) | lowest | 74 GPa (scandium) | distribution | Poisson ratio | all | 0.28 | 0.31 | 0.34 ultimate tensile strength | all | 255 MPa | 317 MPa sound speed | median | 3570 m/s | highest | 4970 m/s (nickel) | lowest | 2740 m/s (gallium) | distribution | thermal expansion | median | 1.5×10^-5 K^(-1) | highest | 1.2×10^-4 K^(-1) (gallium) | lowest | 1.02×10^-5 K^(-1) (scandium) thermal conductivity | median | 60 W/(m K) | highest | 400 W/(m K) (copper) | lowest | 16 W/(m K) (scandium) (properties at standard conditions)

resistivity | median | 1×10^-7 Ω m (ohm meters) | highest | 5.5×10^-7 Ω m (ohm meters) (scandium) | lowest | 1.7×10^-8 Ω m (ohm meters) (copper) electrical conductivity | median | 1.1×10^7 S/m (siemens per meter) | highest | 5.9×10^7 S/m (siemens per meter) (copper) | lowest | 1.8×10^6 S/m (siemens per meter) (scandium) volume magnetic susceptibility | median | -9.63×10^-6 | highest | 2.627×10^-4 (scandium) | lowest | -1.77×10^-5 (gallium) mass magnetic susceptibility | median | -1.08×10^-9 m^3/kg (cubic meters per kilogram) | highest | 8.8×10^-8 m^3/kg (cubic meters per kilogram) (scandium) | lowest | -3×10^-9 m^3/kg (cubic meters per kilogram) (gallium) molar magnetic susceptibility | median | -6.86×10^-11 m^3/mol (cubic meters per mole) | highest | 3.956×10^-9 m^3/mol (cubic meters per mole) (scandium) | lowest | -2.09×10^-10 m^3/mol (cubic meters per mole) (gallium) work function | all | 3.5 eV | 4.32 eV | (4.48 to 5.1) eV | (5.04 to 5.35) eV

valence | median | 2.5 | highest | 3 (gallium and scandium) | lowest | 2 (nickel and copper) electronegativity | median | 1.86 | highest | 1.91 (nickel) | lowest | 1.36 (scandium) electron affinity | median | 70.4 kJ/mol (kilojoules per mole) | highest | 118.4 kJ/mol (kilojoules per mole) (copper) | lowest | 18.1 kJ/mol (kilojoules per mole) (scandium) | distribution | first ionization energy | median | 685.1 kJ/mol (kilojoules per mole) | highest | 745.5 kJ/mol (kilojoules per mole) (copper) | lowest | 578.8 kJ/mol (kilojoules per mole) (gallium) | distribution |

term symbol | all | ^2D_(3/2) | ^2P_(1/2) | ^2S_(1/2) | ^3F_4 atomic radius | median | 135 pm | highest | 160 pm (scandium) | lowest | 130 pm (gallium) covalent radius | median | 128 pm | highest | 170 pm (scandium) | lowest | 122 pm (gallium) van der Waals radius | median | 163 pm | highest | 187 pm (gallium) | lowest | 140 pm (copper) | distribution | (electronic ground state properties)

universe abundance | median | 4.5×10^-6 mass% | highest | 0.006 mass% (nickel) | lowest | 1×10^-6 mass% (gallium) solar abundance | median | 3.7×10^-5 mass% | highest | 0.008 mass% (nickel) | lowest | 4×10^-6 mass% (gallium and scandium) meteorite abundance | median | 0.0059 mass% | highest | 1.3 mass% (nickel) | lowest | 6.4×10^-4 mass% (scandium) crust abundance | median | 0.0047 mass% | highest | 0.0089 mass% (nickel) | lowest | 0.0019 mass% (gallium) | distribution | ocean abundance | median | 1×10^-7 mass% | highest | 3×10^-7 mass% (copper) | lowest | 1.5×10^-10 mass% (scandium) | distribution | universe molar abundance | median | 1×10^-7 mol% | highest | 1×10^-4 mol% (nickel) | lowest | 2×10^-8 mol% (gallium) solar molar abundance | median | 5.4×10^-7 mol% | highest | 2×10^-4 mol% (nickel) | lowest | 6×10^-8 mol% (gallium) meteorite molar abundance | median | 0.0017 mol% | highest | 0.44 mol% (nickel) | lowest | 2×10^-4 mol% (gallium) ocean molar abundance | median | 1.1×10^-8 mol% | highest | 2.9×10^-8 mol% (copper) | lowest | 2.1×10^-11 mol% (scandium) crust molar abundance | median | 0.0017 mol% | highest | 0.0032 mol% (nickel) | lowest | 5.5×10^-4 mol% (gallium) | distribution |