ytterbium vs europium vs praseodymium

ytterbium (chemical element) | europium (chemical element) | praseodymium (chemical element)

Periodic table location

Images

| ytterbium | europium | praseodymium atomic symbol | Yb | Eu | Pr atomic number | 70 | 63 | 59 short electronic configuration | [Xe]6s^24f^14 | [Xe]6s^24f^7 | [Xe]6s^24f^3 Aufbau diagram | 4f 6s | 4f 6s | 4f 6s block | f | f | f period | 6 | 6 | 6 atomic mass | 173.045 u | 151.964 u | 140.90766 u half-life | (stable) | (stable) | (stable)

| ytterbium | europium | praseodymium phase at STP | solid | solid | solid melting point | 819 °C | 822 °C | 931 °C boiling point | 1196 °C | 1527 °C | 3290 °C molar heat of fusion | 7.7 kJ/mol | 9.2 kJ/mol | 6.9 kJ/mol molar heat of vaporization | 160 kJ/mol | 175 kJ/mol | 330 kJ/mol specific heat at STP | 154 J/(kg K) | 182 J/(kg K) | 193 J/(kg K) Néel point | | 90.5 K | (properties at standard conditions)

| ytterbium | europium | praseodymium density | 6.57 g/cm^3 | 5.244 g/cm^3 | 6.64 g/cm^3 liquid density | 6.21 g/cm^3 | 5.13 g/cm^3 | 6.5 g/cm^3 molar volume | 26.34 cm^3/mol | 28.98 cm^3/mol | 21.22 cm^3/mol Mohs hardness | | 3.1 (between calcite and fluorite) | 1.4 (between talc and gypsum) Vickers hardness | 206 MPa | 167 MPa | 400 MPa Brinell hardness | 343 MPa | | 481 MPa bulk modulus | 31 GPa | 8.3 GPa | 29 GPa shear modulus | 9.9 GPa | 7.9 GPa | 15 GPa Young's modulus | 24 GPa | 18 GPa | 37 GPa Poisson ratio | 0.21 | 0.15 | 0.28 tensile yield strength | 66 MPa | | 100 MPa ultimate tensile strength | 72 MPa | | 110 MPa sound speed | 1590 m/s | | 2280 m/s thermal expansion | 2.63×10^-5 K^(-1) | 3.5×10^-5 K^(-1) | 6.7×10^-6 K^(-1) thermal conductivity | 39 W/(m K) | 14 W/(m K) | 13 W/(m K) (properties at standard conditions)

| ytterbium | europium | praseodymium electrical type | conductor | conductor | conductor resistivity | 2.8×10^-7 Ω m (ohm meters) | 9×10^-7 Ω m (ohm meters) | 7×10^-7 Ω m (ohm meters) electrical conductivity | 3.6×10^6 S/m (siemens per meter) | 1.1×10^6 S/m (siemens per meter) | 1.4×10^6 S/m (siemens per meter) magnetic type | paramagnetic | paramagnetic | paramagnetic volume magnetic susceptibility | 3.88×10^-5 | 0.0014473 | 0.0028087 mass magnetic susceptibility | 5.9×10^-9 m^3/kg (cubic meters per kilogram) | 2.76×10^-7 m^3/kg (cubic meters per kilogram) | 4.23×10^-7 m^3/kg (cubic meters per kilogram) molar magnetic susceptibility | 1.02×10^-9 m^3/mol (cubic meters per mole) | 4.1942×10^-8 m^3/mol (cubic meters per mole) | 5.9604×10^-8 m^3/mol (cubic meters per mole) Néel point | | 90.5 K (kelvins) | work function | | 2.5 eV (Polycrystalline) | threshold frequency | | 6.045×10^14 Hz (hertz) | superconducting point | | 1.8 K (kelvins) | color | (silver) | (silver) | (silver)

| ytterbium | europium | praseodymium valence | 3 | 3 | 4 electronegativity | | | 1.13 electron affinity | 50 kJ/mol (kilojoules per mole) | 50 kJ/mol (kilojoules per mole) | 50 kJ/mol (kilojoules per mole) first ionization energy | 603.4 kJ/mol (kilojoules per mole) | 547.1 kJ/mol (kilojoules per mole) | 527 kJ/mol (kilojoules per mole) ionization energies | 603.4 kJ/mol | 1174.8 kJ/mol | 2417 kJ/mol | 4203 kJ/mol | 547.1 kJ/mol | 1085 kJ/mol | 2404 kJ/mol | 4120 kJ/mol | 527 kJ/mol | 1020 kJ/mol | 2086 kJ/mol | 3761 kJ/mol | 5551 kJ/mol

Reactivity

| ytterbium | europium | praseodymium term symbol | ^1S_0 | ^8S_(7/2) | ^4I_(9/2) atomic radius | 175 pm | 185 pm | 185 pm covalent radius | 187 pm | 198 pm | 203 pm (electronic ground state properties)

| ytterbium | europium | praseodymium universe abundance | 2×10^-7 mass% | 5×10^-8 mass% | 2×10^-7 mass% solar abundance | 1×10^-7 mass% | 5×10^-8 mass% | 1×10^-7 mass% meteorite abundance | 1.8×10^-5 mass% | 5.9×10^-6 mass% | 9.8×10^-6 mass% crust abundance | 2.8×10^-4 mass% | 1.8×10^-4 mass% | 8.6×10^-4 mass% ocean abundance | 8×10^-11 mass% | 1.3×10^-11 mass% | 6×10^-11 mass% universe molar abundance | 1×10^-9 mol% | 4×10^-10 mol% | 2×10^-9 mol% solar molar abundance | 9.9×10^-10 mol% | 4×10^-10 mol% | 5×10^-10 mol% meteorite molar abundance | 2×10^-6 mol% | 8.1×10^-7 mol% | 1×10^-6 mol% ocean molar abundance | 2.9×10^-12 mol% | 5×10^-6 mol% | 2.6×10^-12 mol% crust molar abundance | 3.4×10^-5 mol% | 2.4×10^-5 mol% | 1.3×10^-4 mol%