O2 + Al = Al2O

O_2 oxygen + Al aluminum ⟶ Al2O

Balance the chemical equation algebraically: O_2 + Al ⟶ Al2O Add stoichiometric coefficients, c_i, to the reactants and products: c_1 O_2 + c_2 Al ⟶ c_3 Al2O Set the number of atoms in the reactants equal to the number of atoms in the products for O and Al: O: | 2 c_1 = c_3 Al: | c_2 = 2 c_3 Since the coefficients are relative quantities and underdetermined, choose a coefficient to set arbitrarily. To keep the coefficients small, the arbitrary value is ordinarily one. For instance, set c_1 = 1 and solve the system of equations for the remaining coefficients: c_1 = 1 c_2 = 4 c_3 = 2 Substitute the coefficients into the chemical reaction to obtain the balanced equation: Answer: | | O_2 + 4 Al ⟶ 2 Al2O

+ ⟶ Al2O

oxygen + aluminum ⟶ Al2O

Construct the equilibrium constant, K, expression for: O_2 + Al ⟶ Al2O Plan: • Balance the chemical equation. • Determine the stoichiometric numbers. • Assemble the activity expression for each chemical species. • Use the activity expressions to build the equilibrium constant expression. Write the balanced chemical equation: O_2 + 4 Al ⟶ 2 Al2O Assign stoichiometric numbers, ν_i, using the stoichiometric coefficients, c_i, from the balanced chemical equation in the following manner: ν_i = -c_i for reactants and ν_i = c_i for products: chemical species | c_i | ν_i O_2 | 1 | -1 Al | 4 | -4 Al2O | 2 | 2 Assemble the activity expressions accounting for the state of matter and ν_i: chemical species | c_i | ν_i | activity expression O_2 | 1 | -1 | ([O2])^(-1) Al | 4 | -4 | ([Al])^(-4) Al2O | 2 | 2 | ([Al2O])^2 The equilibrium constant symbol in the concentration basis is: K_c Mulitply the activity expressions to arrive at the K_c expression: Answer: | | K_c = ([O2])^(-1) ([Al])^(-4) ([Al2O])^2 = ([Al2O])^2/([O2] ([Al])^4)

Construct the rate of reaction expression for: O_2 + Al ⟶ Al2O Plan: • Balance the chemical equation. • Determine the stoichiometric numbers. • Assemble the rate term for each chemical species. • Write the rate of reaction expression. Write the balanced chemical equation: O_2 + 4 Al ⟶ 2 Al2O Assign stoichiometric numbers, ν_i, using the stoichiometric coefficients, c_i, from the balanced chemical equation in the following manner: ν_i = -c_i for reactants and ν_i = c_i for products: chemical species | c_i | ν_i O_2 | 1 | -1 Al | 4 | -4 Al2O | 2 | 2 The rate term for each chemical species, B_i, is 1/ν_i(Δ[B_i])/(Δt) where [B_i] is the amount concentration and t is time: chemical species | c_i | ν_i | rate term O_2 | 1 | -1 | -(Δ[O2])/(Δt) Al | 4 | -4 | -1/4 (Δ[Al])/(Δt) Al2O | 2 | 2 | 1/2 (Δ[Al2O])/(Δt) (for infinitesimal rate of change, replace Δ with d) Set the rate terms equal to each other to arrive at the rate expression: Answer: | | rate = -(Δ[O2])/(Δt) = -1/4 (Δ[Al])/(Δt) = 1/2 (Δ[Al2O])/(Δt) (assuming constant volume and no accumulation of intermediates or side products)

| oxygen | aluminum | Al2O formula | O_2 | Al | Al2O name | oxygen | aluminum | IUPAC name | molecular oxygen | aluminum |

| oxygen | aluminum | Al2O molar mass | 31.998 g/mol | 26.9815385 g/mol | 69.962 g/mol phase | gas (at STP) | solid (at STP) | melting point | -218 °C | 660.4 °C | boiling point | -183 °C | 2460 °C | density | 0.001429 g/cm^3 (at 0 °C) | 2.7 g/cm^3 | solubility in water | | insoluble | surface tension | 0.01347 N/m | 0.817 N/m | dynamic viscosity | 2.055×10^-5 Pa s (at 25 °C) | 1.5×10^-4 Pa s (at 760 °C) | odor | odorless | odorless |