H2SO4 + Cd = H2O + SO2 + CdSO4

H_2SO_4 (sulfuric acid) + Cd (cadmium) ⟶ H_2O (water) + SO_2 (sulfur dioxide) + CdSO_4 (cadmium sulfate)

Balance the chemical equation algebraically: H_2SO_4 + Cd ⟶ H_2O + SO_2 + CdSO_4 Add stoichiometric coefficients, c_i, to the reactants and products: c_1 H_2SO_4 + c_2 Cd ⟶ c_3 H_2O + c_4 SO_2 + c_5 CdSO_4 Set the number of atoms in the reactants equal to the number of atoms in the products for H, O, S and Cd: H: | 2 c_1 = 2 c_3 O: | 4 c_1 = c_3 + 2 c_4 + 4 c_5 S: | c_1 = c_4 + c_5 Cd: | c_2 = c_5 Since the coefficients are relative quantities and underdetermined, choose a coefficient to set arbitrarily. To keep the coefficients small, the arbitrary value is ordinarily one. For instance, set c_2 = 1 and solve the system of equations for the remaining coefficients: c_1 = 2 c_2 = 1 c_3 = 2 c_4 = 1 c_5 = 1 Substitute the coefficients into the chemical reaction to obtain the balanced equation: Answer: | | 2 H_2SO_4 + Cd ⟶ 2 H_2O + SO_2 + CdSO_4

+ ⟶ + +

sulfuric acid + cadmium ⟶ water + sulfur dioxide + cadmium sulfate

Construct the equilibrium constant, K, expression for: H_2SO_4 + Cd ⟶ H_2O + SO_2 + CdSO_4 Plan: • Balance the chemical equation. • Determine the stoichiometric numbers. • Assemble the activity expression for each chemical species. • Use the activity expressions to build the equilibrium constant expression. Write the balanced chemical equation: 2 H_2SO_4 + Cd ⟶ 2 H_2O + SO_2 + CdSO_4 Assign stoichiometric numbers, ν_i, using the stoichiometric coefficients, c_i, from the balanced chemical equation in the following manner: ν_i = -c_i for reactants and ν_i = c_i for products: chemical species | c_i | ν_i H_2SO_4 | 2 | -2 Cd | 1 | -1 H_2O | 2 | 2 SO_2 | 1 | 1 CdSO_4 | 1 | 1 Assemble the activity expressions accounting for the state of matter and ν_i: chemical species | c_i | ν_i | activity expression H_2SO_4 | 2 | -2 | ([H2SO4])^(-2) Cd | 1 | -1 | ([Cd])^(-1) H_2O | 2 | 2 | ([H2O])^2 SO_2 | 1 | 1 | [SO2] CdSO_4 | 1 | 1 | [CdSO4] The equilibrium constant symbol in the concentration basis is: K_c Mulitply the activity expressions to arrive at the K_c expression: Answer: | | K_c = ([H2SO4])^(-2) ([Cd])^(-1) ([H2O])^2 [SO2] [CdSO4] = (([H2O])^2 [SO2] [CdSO4])/(([H2SO4])^2 [Cd])

Construct the rate of reaction expression for: H_2SO_4 + Cd ⟶ H_2O + SO_2 + CdSO_4 Plan: • Balance the chemical equation. • Determine the stoichiometric numbers. • Assemble the rate term for each chemical species. • Write the rate of reaction expression. Write the balanced chemical equation: 2 H_2SO_4 + Cd ⟶ 2 H_2O + SO_2 + CdSO_4 Assign stoichiometric numbers, ν_i, using the stoichiometric coefficients, c_i, from the balanced chemical equation in the following manner: ν_i = -c_i for reactants and ν_i = c_i for products: chemical species | c_i | ν_i H_2SO_4 | 2 | -2 Cd | 1 | -1 H_2O | 2 | 2 SO_2 | 1 | 1 CdSO_4 | 1 | 1 The rate term for each chemical species, B_i, is 1/ν_i(Δ[B_i])/(Δt) where [B_i] is the amount concentration and t is time: chemical species | c_i | ν_i | rate term H_2SO_4 | 2 | -2 | -1/2 (Δ[H2SO4])/(Δt) Cd | 1 | -1 | -(Δ[Cd])/(Δt) H_2O | 2 | 2 | 1/2 (Δ[H2O])/(Δt) SO_2 | 1 | 1 | (Δ[SO2])/(Δt) CdSO_4 | 1 | 1 | (Δ[CdSO4])/(Δt) (for infinitesimal rate of change, replace Δ with d) Set the rate terms equal to each other to arrive at the rate expression: Answer: | | rate = -1/2 (Δ[H2SO4])/(Δt) = -(Δ[Cd])/(Δt) = 1/2 (Δ[H2O])/(Δt) = (Δ[SO2])/(Δt) = (Δ[CdSO4])/(Δt) (assuming constant volume and no accumulation of intermediates or side products)

| sulfuric acid | cadmium | water | sulfur dioxide | cadmium sulfate formula | H_2SO_4 | Cd | H_2O | SO_2 | CdSO_4 Hill formula | H_2O_4S | Cd | H_2O | O_2S | CdO_4S name | sulfuric acid | cadmium | water | sulfur dioxide | cadmium sulfate