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H2SO4 + K2Cr2O7 + COH2 = H2O + CO2 + K2SO4 + Cr2(SO4)3

Input interpretation

H_2SO_4 sulfuric acid + K_2Cr_2O_7 potassium dichromate + HCHO formaldehyde ⟶ H_2O water + CO_2 carbon dioxide + K_2SO_4 potassium sulfate + Cr_2(SO_4)_3 chromium sulfate
H_2SO_4 sulfuric acid + K_2Cr_2O_7 potassium dichromate + HCHO formaldehyde ⟶ H_2O water + CO_2 carbon dioxide + K_2SO_4 potassium sulfate + Cr_2(SO_4)_3 chromium sulfate

Balanced equation

Balance the chemical equation algebraically: H_2SO_4 + K_2Cr_2O_7 + HCHO ⟶ H_2O + CO_2 + K_2SO_4 + Cr_2(SO_4)_3 Add stoichiometric coefficients, c_i, to the reactants and products: c_1 H_2SO_4 + c_2 K_2Cr_2O_7 + c_3 HCHO ⟶ c_4 H_2O + c_5 CO_2 + c_6 K_2SO_4 + c_7 Cr_2(SO_4)_3 Set the number of atoms in the reactants equal to the number of atoms in the products for H, O, S, Cr, K and C: H: | 2 c_1 + 2 c_3 = 2 c_4 O: | 4 c_1 + 7 c_2 + c_3 = c_4 + 2 c_5 + 4 c_6 + 12 c_7 S: | c_1 = c_6 + 3 c_7 Cr: | 2 c_2 = 2 c_7 K: | 2 c_2 = 2 c_6 C: | c_3 = c_5 Since the coefficients are relative quantities and underdetermined, choose a coefficient to set arbitrarily. To keep the coefficients small, the arbitrary value is ordinarily one. For instance, set c_2 = 1 and solve the system of equations for the remaining coefficients: c_1 = 4 c_2 = 1 c_3 = 3/2 c_4 = 11/2 c_5 = 3/2 c_6 = 1 c_7 = 1 Multiply by the least common denominator, 2, to eliminate fractional coefficients: c_1 = 8 c_2 = 2 c_3 = 3 c_4 = 11 c_5 = 3 c_6 = 2 c_7 = 2 Substitute the coefficients into the chemical reaction to obtain the balanced equation: Answer: | | 8 H_2SO_4 + 2 K_2Cr_2O_7 + 3 HCHO ⟶ 11 H_2O + 3 CO_2 + 2 K_2SO_4 + 2 Cr_2(SO_4)_3
Balance the chemical equation algebraically: H_2SO_4 + K_2Cr_2O_7 + HCHO ⟶ H_2O + CO_2 + K_2SO_4 + Cr_2(SO_4)_3 Add stoichiometric coefficients, c_i, to the reactants and products: c_1 H_2SO_4 + c_2 K_2Cr_2O_7 + c_3 HCHO ⟶ c_4 H_2O + c_5 CO_2 + c_6 K_2SO_4 + c_7 Cr_2(SO_4)_3 Set the number of atoms in the reactants equal to the number of atoms in the products for H, O, S, Cr, K and C: H: | 2 c_1 + 2 c_3 = 2 c_4 O: | 4 c_1 + 7 c_2 + c_3 = c_4 + 2 c_5 + 4 c_6 + 12 c_7 S: | c_1 = c_6 + 3 c_7 Cr: | 2 c_2 = 2 c_7 K: | 2 c_2 = 2 c_6 C: | c_3 = c_5 Since the coefficients are relative quantities and underdetermined, choose a coefficient to set arbitrarily. To keep the coefficients small, the arbitrary value is ordinarily one. For instance, set c_2 = 1 and solve the system of equations for the remaining coefficients: c_1 = 4 c_2 = 1 c_3 = 3/2 c_4 = 11/2 c_5 = 3/2 c_6 = 1 c_7 = 1 Multiply by the least common denominator, 2, to eliminate fractional coefficients: c_1 = 8 c_2 = 2 c_3 = 3 c_4 = 11 c_5 = 3 c_6 = 2 c_7 = 2 Substitute the coefficients into the chemical reaction to obtain the balanced equation: Answer: | | 8 H_2SO_4 + 2 K_2Cr_2O_7 + 3 HCHO ⟶ 11 H_2O + 3 CO_2 + 2 K_2SO_4 + 2 Cr_2(SO_4)_3

Structures

+ + ⟶ + + +
+ + ⟶ + + +

Names

sulfuric acid + potassium dichromate + formaldehyde ⟶ water + carbon dioxide + potassium sulfate + chromium sulfate
sulfuric acid + potassium dichromate + formaldehyde ⟶ water + carbon dioxide + potassium sulfate + chromium sulfate

Equilibrium constant

Construct the equilibrium constant, K, expression for: H_2SO_4 + K_2Cr_2O_7 + HCHO ⟶ H_2O + CO_2 + K_2SO_4 + Cr_2(SO_4)_3 Plan: • Balance the chemical equation. • Determine the stoichiometric numbers. • Assemble the activity expression for each chemical species. • Use the activity expressions to build the equilibrium constant expression. Write the balanced chemical equation: 8 H_2SO_4 + 2 K_2Cr_2O_7 + 3 HCHO ⟶ 11 H_2O + 3 CO_2 + 2 K_2SO_4 + 2 Cr_2(SO_4)_3 Assign stoichiometric numbers, ν_i, using the stoichiometric coefficients, c_i, from the balanced chemical equation in the following manner: ν_i = -c_i for reactants and ν_i = c_i for products: chemical species | c_i | ν_i H_2SO_4 | 8 | -8 K_2Cr_2O_7 | 2 | -2 HCHO | 3 | -3 H_2O | 11 | 11 CO_2 | 3 | 3 K_2SO_4 | 2 | 2 Cr_2(SO_4)_3 | 2 | 2 Assemble the activity expressions accounting for the state of matter and ν_i: chemical species | c_i | ν_i | activity expression H_2SO_4 | 8 | -8 | ([H2SO4])^(-8) K_2Cr_2O_7 | 2 | -2 | ([K2Cr2O7])^(-2) HCHO | 3 | -3 | ([HCHO])^(-3) H_2O | 11 | 11 | ([H2O])^11 CO_2 | 3 | 3 | ([CO2])^3 K_2SO_4 | 2 | 2 | ([K2SO4])^2 Cr_2(SO_4)_3 | 2 | 2 | ([Cr2(SO4)3])^2 The equilibrium constant symbol in the concentration basis is: K_c Mulitply the activity expressions to arrive at the K_c expression: Answer: | | K_c = ([H2SO4])^(-8) ([K2Cr2O7])^(-2) ([HCHO])^(-3) ([H2O])^11 ([CO2])^3 ([K2SO4])^2 ([Cr2(SO4)3])^2 = (([H2O])^11 ([CO2])^3 ([K2SO4])^2 ([Cr2(SO4)3])^2)/(([H2SO4])^8 ([K2Cr2O7])^2 ([HCHO])^3)
Construct the equilibrium constant, K, expression for: H_2SO_4 + K_2Cr_2O_7 + HCHO ⟶ H_2O + CO_2 + K_2SO_4 + Cr_2(SO_4)_3 Plan: • Balance the chemical equation. • Determine the stoichiometric numbers. • Assemble the activity expression for each chemical species. • Use the activity expressions to build the equilibrium constant expression. Write the balanced chemical equation: 8 H_2SO_4 + 2 K_2Cr_2O_7 + 3 HCHO ⟶ 11 H_2O + 3 CO_2 + 2 K_2SO_4 + 2 Cr_2(SO_4)_3 Assign stoichiometric numbers, ν_i, using the stoichiometric coefficients, c_i, from the balanced chemical equation in the following manner: ν_i = -c_i for reactants and ν_i = c_i for products: chemical species | c_i | ν_i H_2SO_4 | 8 | -8 K_2Cr_2O_7 | 2 | -2 HCHO | 3 | -3 H_2O | 11 | 11 CO_2 | 3 | 3 K_2SO_4 | 2 | 2 Cr_2(SO_4)_3 | 2 | 2 Assemble the activity expressions accounting for the state of matter and ν_i: chemical species | c_i | ν_i | activity expression H_2SO_4 | 8 | -8 | ([H2SO4])^(-8) K_2Cr_2O_7 | 2 | -2 | ([K2Cr2O7])^(-2) HCHO | 3 | -3 | ([HCHO])^(-3) H_2O | 11 | 11 | ([H2O])^11 CO_2 | 3 | 3 | ([CO2])^3 K_2SO_4 | 2 | 2 | ([K2SO4])^2 Cr_2(SO_4)_3 | 2 | 2 | ([Cr2(SO4)3])^2 The equilibrium constant symbol in the concentration basis is: K_c Mulitply the activity expressions to arrive at the K_c expression: Answer: | | K_c = ([H2SO4])^(-8) ([K2Cr2O7])^(-2) ([HCHO])^(-3) ([H2O])^11 ([CO2])^3 ([K2SO4])^2 ([Cr2(SO4)3])^2 = (([H2O])^11 ([CO2])^3 ([K2SO4])^2 ([Cr2(SO4)3])^2)/(([H2SO4])^8 ([K2Cr2O7])^2 ([HCHO])^3)

Rate of reaction

Construct the rate of reaction expression for: H_2SO_4 + K_2Cr_2O_7 + HCHO ⟶ H_2O + CO_2 + K_2SO_4 + Cr_2(SO_4)_3 Plan: • Balance the chemical equation. • Determine the stoichiometric numbers. • Assemble the rate term for each chemical species. • Write the rate of reaction expression. Write the balanced chemical equation: 8 H_2SO_4 + 2 K_2Cr_2O_7 + 3 HCHO ⟶ 11 H_2O + 3 CO_2 + 2 K_2SO_4 + 2 Cr_2(SO_4)_3 Assign stoichiometric numbers, ν_i, using the stoichiometric coefficients, c_i, from the balanced chemical equation in the following manner: ν_i = -c_i for reactants and ν_i = c_i for products: chemical species | c_i | ν_i H_2SO_4 | 8 | -8 K_2Cr_2O_7 | 2 | -2 HCHO | 3 | -3 H_2O | 11 | 11 CO_2 | 3 | 3 K_2SO_4 | 2 | 2 Cr_2(SO_4)_3 | 2 | 2 The rate term for each chemical species, B_i, is 1/ν_i(Δ[B_i])/(Δt) where [B_i] is the amount concentration and t is time: chemical species | c_i | ν_i | rate term H_2SO_4 | 8 | -8 | -1/8 (Δ[H2SO4])/(Δt) K_2Cr_2O_7 | 2 | -2 | -1/2 (Δ[K2Cr2O7])/(Δt) HCHO | 3 | -3 | -1/3 (Δ[HCHO])/(Δt) H_2O | 11 | 11 | 1/11 (Δ[H2O])/(Δt) CO_2 | 3 | 3 | 1/3 (Δ[CO2])/(Δt) K_2SO_4 | 2 | 2 | 1/2 (Δ[K2SO4])/(Δt) Cr_2(SO_4)_3 | 2 | 2 | 1/2 (Δ[Cr2(SO4)3])/(Δt) (for infinitesimal rate of change, replace Δ with d) Set the rate terms equal to each other to arrive at the rate expression: Answer: | | rate = -1/8 (Δ[H2SO4])/(Δt) = -1/2 (Δ[K2Cr2O7])/(Δt) = -1/3 (Δ[HCHO])/(Δt) = 1/11 (Δ[H2O])/(Δt) = 1/3 (Δ[CO2])/(Δt) = 1/2 (Δ[K2SO4])/(Δt) = 1/2 (Δ[Cr2(SO4)3])/(Δt) (assuming constant volume and no accumulation of intermediates or side products)
Construct the rate of reaction expression for: H_2SO_4 + K_2Cr_2O_7 + HCHO ⟶ H_2O + CO_2 + K_2SO_4 + Cr_2(SO_4)_3 Plan: • Balance the chemical equation. • Determine the stoichiometric numbers. • Assemble the rate term for each chemical species. • Write the rate of reaction expression. Write the balanced chemical equation: 8 H_2SO_4 + 2 K_2Cr_2O_7 + 3 HCHO ⟶ 11 H_2O + 3 CO_2 + 2 K_2SO_4 + 2 Cr_2(SO_4)_3 Assign stoichiometric numbers, ν_i, using the stoichiometric coefficients, c_i, from the balanced chemical equation in the following manner: ν_i = -c_i for reactants and ν_i = c_i for products: chemical species | c_i | ν_i H_2SO_4 | 8 | -8 K_2Cr_2O_7 | 2 | -2 HCHO | 3 | -3 H_2O | 11 | 11 CO_2 | 3 | 3 K_2SO_4 | 2 | 2 Cr_2(SO_4)_3 | 2 | 2 The rate term for each chemical species, B_i, is 1/ν_i(Δ[B_i])/(Δt) where [B_i] is the amount concentration and t is time: chemical species | c_i | ν_i | rate term H_2SO_4 | 8 | -8 | -1/8 (Δ[H2SO4])/(Δt) K_2Cr_2O_7 | 2 | -2 | -1/2 (Δ[K2Cr2O7])/(Δt) HCHO | 3 | -3 | -1/3 (Δ[HCHO])/(Δt) H_2O | 11 | 11 | 1/11 (Δ[H2O])/(Δt) CO_2 | 3 | 3 | 1/3 (Δ[CO2])/(Δt) K_2SO_4 | 2 | 2 | 1/2 (Δ[K2SO4])/(Δt) Cr_2(SO_4)_3 | 2 | 2 | 1/2 (Δ[Cr2(SO4)3])/(Δt) (for infinitesimal rate of change, replace Δ with d) Set the rate terms equal to each other to arrive at the rate expression: Answer: | | rate = -1/8 (Δ[H2SO4])/(Δt) = -1/2 (Δ[K2Cr2O7])/(Δt) = -1/3 (Δ[HCHO])/(Δt) = 1/11 (Δ[H2O])/(Δt) = 1/3 (Δ[CO2])/(Δt) = 1/2 (Δ[K2SO4])/(Δt) = 1/2 (Δ[Cr2(SO4)3])/(Δt) (assuming constant volume and no accumulation of intermediates or side products)

Chemical names and formulas

| sulfuric acid | potassium dichromate | formaldehyde | water | carbon dioxide | potassium sulfate | chromium sulfate formula | H_2SO_4 | K_2Cr_2O_7 | HCHO | H_2O | CO_2 | K_2SO_4 | Cr_2(SO_4)_3 Hill formula | H_2O_4S | Cr_2K_2O_7 | CH_2O | H_2O | CO_2 | K_2O_4S | Cr_2O_12S_3 name | sulfuric acid | potassium dichromate | formaldehyde | water | carbon dioxide | potassium sulfate | chromium sulfate IUPAC name | sulfuric acid | dipotassium oxido-(oxido-dioxochromio)oxy-dioxochromium | formaldehyde | water | carbon dioxide | dipotassium sulfate | chromium(+3) cation trisulfate
| sulfuric acid | potassium dichromate | formaldehyde | water | carbon dioxide | potassium sulfate | chromium sulfate formula | H_2SO_4 | K_2Cr_2O_7 | HCHO | H_2O | CO_2 | K_2SO_4 | Cr_2(SO_4)_3 Hill formula | H_2O_4S | Cr_2K_2O_7 | CH_2O | H_2O | CO_2 | K_2O_4S | Cr_2O_12S_3 name | sulfuric acid | potassium dichromate | formaldehyde | water | carbon dioxide | potassium sulfate | chromium sulfate IUPAC name | sulfuric acid | dipotassium oxido-(oxido-dioxochromio)oxy-dioxochromium | formaldehyde | water | carbon dioxide | dipotassium sulfate | chromium(+3) cation trisulfate

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