beryllium vs lithium vs gallium vs hafnium

beryllium (chemical element) | lithium (chemical element) | gallium (chemical element) | hafnium (chemical element)

Periodic table location

Images

| atomic symbol | atomic number | short electronic configuration beryllium | Be | 4 | [He]2s^2 lithium | Li | 3 | [He]2s^1 gallium | Ga | 31 | [Ar]4s^23d^104p^1 hafnium | Hf | 72 | [Xe]6s^24f^145d^2 | Aufbau diagram | block | group beryllium | 2s | s | 2 lithium | 2s | s | 1 gallium | 4p 3d 4s | p | 13 hafnium | 5d 4f 6s | d | 4 | period | atomic mass | half-life beryllium | 2 | 9.0121831 u | (stable) lithium | 2 | 6.94 u | (stable) gallium | 4 | 69.723 u | (stable) hafnium | 6 | 178.49 u | (stable)

phase at STP | all | solid melting point | median | 733.8 °C | highest | 2233 °C (hafnium) | lowest | 29.76 °C (gallium) | distribution | boiling point | median | 2337 °C | highest | 4603 °C (hafnium) | lowest | 1342 °C (lithium) | distribution | molar heat of fusion | median | 6.77 kJ/mol | highest | 25.5 kJ/mol (hafnium) | lowest | 3 kJ/mol (lithium) molar heat of vaporization | median | 277 kJ/mol | highest | 630 kJ/mol (hafnium) | lowest | 147 kJ/mol (lithium) | distribution | specific heat at STP | median | 1096 J/(kg K) | highest | 3570 J/(kg K) (lithium) | lowest | 144 J/(kg K) (hafnium) | distribution | (properties at standard conditions)

density | median | 3.876 g/cm^3 | highest | 13.31 g/cm^3 (hafnium) | lowest | 0.535 g/cm^3 (lithium) | distribution | liquid density | median | 3.892 g/cm^3 | highest | 12 g/cm^3 (hafnium) | lowest | 0.512 g/cm^3 (lithium) | distribution | molar volume | median | 12.4 cm^3/mol | highest | 13.41 cm^3/mol (hafnium) | lowest | 4.877 cm^3/mol (beryllium) | distribution | Mohs hardness | median | 3.5 | highest | 5.5 (between apatite and microcline) (beryllium and hafnium) | lowest | 0.6 (between talc and gypsum) (lithium) Vickers hardness | all | 1670 MPa | 1760 MPa Brinell hardness | all | 60 MPa | 600 MPa | 1700 MPa bulk modulus | median | 110 GPa | highest | 130 GPa (beryllium) | lowest | 11 GPa (lithium) shear modulus | median | 30 GPa | highest | 132 GPa (beryllium) | lowest | 4.2 GPa (lithium) Young's modulus | median | 78 GPa | highest | 287 GPa (beryllium) | lowest | 4.9 GPa (lithium) Poisson ratio | all | 0.032 | 0.37 ultimate tensile strength | all | 15 MPa | 370 MPa sound speed | median | 4500 m/s | highest | 13000 m/s (beryllium) | lowest | 2740 m/s (gallium) | distribution | thermal expansion | median | 2.9×10^-5 K^(-1) | highest | 1.2×10^-4 K^(-1) (gallium) | lowest | 5.9×10^-6 K^(-1) (hafnium) thermal conductivity | median | 57 W/(m K) | highest | 190 W/(m K) (beryllium) | lowest | 23 W/(m K) (hafnium) | distribution | (properties at standard conditions)

resistivity | median | 1.2×10^-7 Ω m (ohm meters) | highest | 3×10^-7 Ω m (ohm meters) (hafnium) | lowest | 4×10^-8 Ω m (ohm meters) (beryllium) | distribution | electrical conductivity | median | 9×10^6 S/m (siemens per meter) | highest | 2.5×10^7 S/m (siemens per meter) (beryllium) | lowest | 3.3×10^6 S/m (siemens per meter) (hafnium) | distribution | volume magnetic susceptibility | median | -2×10^-6 | highest | 7.05×10^-5 (hafnium) | lowest | -2.328×10^-5 (beryllium) | distribution | mass magnetic susceptibility | median | 1.2×10^-9 m^3/kg (cubic meters per kilogram) | highest | 2.56×10^-8 m^3/kg (cubic meters per kilogram) (lithium) | lowest | -1.26×10^-8 m^3/kg (cubic meters per kilogram) (beryllium) | distribution | molar magnetic susceptibility | median | 3.22×10^-11 m^3/mol (cubic meters per mole) | highest | 9.46×10^-10 m^3/mol (cubic meters per mole) (hafnium) | lowest | -2.09×10^-10 m^3/mol (cubic meters per mole) (gallium) | distribution | work function | all | 2.93 eV | 3.9 eV | 4.32 eV | 4.98 eV superconducting point | median | 0.128 K (kelvins) | highest | 1.083 K (kelvins) (gallium) | lowest | 0.026 K (kelvins) (beryllium)

valence | median | 2.5 | highest | 4 (hafnium) | lowest | 1 (lithium) | distribution | electronegativity | median | 1.4 | highest | 1.81 (gallium) | lowest | 0.98 (lithium) | distribution | electron affinity | median | 14.45 kJ/mol (kilojoules per mole) | highest | 59.6 kJ/mol (kilojoules per mole) (lithium) | lowest | 0 kJ/mol (kilojoules per mole) (beryllium and hafnium) | distribution | first ionization energy | median | 618.6 kJ/mol (kilojoules per mole) | highest | 899.5 kJ/mol (kilojoules per mole) (beryllium) | lowest | 520.2 kJ/mol (kilojoules per mole) (lithium) | distribution |

term symbol | all | ^1S_0 | ^2P_(1/2) | ^2S_(1/2) | ^3F_2 atomic radius | median | 137 pm | highest | 155 pm (hafnium) | lowest | 105 pm (beryllium) | distribution | covalent radius | median | 125 pm | highest | 175 pm (hafnium) | lowest | 96 pm (beryllium) | distribution | (electronic ground state properties)

universe abundance | median | 3.5×10^-7 mass% | highest | 1×10^-6 mass% (gallium) | lowest | 7×10^-8 mass% (hafnium) | distribution | solar abundance | median | 5.5×10^-8 mass% | highest | 4×10^-6 mass% (gallium) | lowest | 6×10^-9 mass% (lithium) meteorite abundance | median | 9.3×10^-5 mass% | highest | 7.6×10^-4 mass% (gallium) | lowest | 2.9×10^-6 mass% (beryllium) crust abundance | median | 0.001 mass% | highest | 0.0019 mass% (gallium) | lowest | 1.9×10^-4 mass% (beryllium) ocean abundance | median | 1.9×10^-9 mass% | highest | 1.8×10^-5 mass% (lithium) | lowest | 6×10^-11 mass% (beryllium) universe molar abundance | median | 1.5×10^-8 mol% | highest | 1×10^-7 mol% (lithium) | lowest | 5×10^-10 mol% (hafnium) solar molar abundance | median | 9.9×10^-10 mol% | highest | 6×10^-8 mol% (gallium) | lowest | 9.9×10^-10 mol% (3 elements) meteorite molar abundance | median | 1×10^-4 mol% | highest | 4.6×10^-4 mol% (lithium) | lowest | 2×10^-6 mol% (hafnium) | distribution | ocean molar abundance | median | 1.6×10^-10 mol% | highest | 1.6×10^-5 mol% (lithium) | lowest | 2.8×10^-11 mol% (hafnium) crust molar abundance | median | 4.9×10^-4 mol% | highest | 0.005 mol% (lithium) | lowest | 3.8×10^-5 mol% (hafnium)