Pb + CuCl = Cu + PbCl2

Pb lead + CuCl cuprous chloride ⟶ Cu copper + PbCl_2 lead(II) chloride

Balance the chemical equation algebraically: Pb + CuCl ⟶ Cu + PbCl_2 Add stoichiometric coefficients, c_i, to the reactants and products: c_1 Pb + c_2 CuCl ⟶ c_3 Cu + c_4 PbCl_2 Set the number of atoms in the reactants equal to the number of atoms in the products for Pb, Cl and Cu: Pb: | c_1 = c_4 Cl: | c_2 = 2 c_4 Cu: | c_2 = c_3 Since the coefficients are relative quantities and underdetermined, choose a coefficient to set arbitrarily. To keep the coefficients small, the arbitrary value is ordinarily one. For instance, set c_1 = 1 and solve the system of equations for the remaining coefficients: c_1 = 1 c_2 = 2 c_3 = 2 c_4 = 1 Substitute the coefficients into the chemical reaction to obtain the balanced equation: Answer: | | Pb + 2 CuCl ⟶ 2 Cu + PbCl_2

+ ⟶ +

lead + cuprous chloride ⟶ copper + lead(II) chloride

| lead | cuprous chloride | copper | lead(II) chloride molecular enthalpy | 0 kJ/mol | -137.2 kJ/mol | 0 kJ/mol | -359.4 kJ/mol total enthalpy | 0 kJ/mol | -274.4 kJ/mol | 0 kJ/mol | -359.4 kJ/mol | H_initial = -274.4 kJ/mol | | H_final = -359.4 kJ/mol | ΔH_rxn^0 | -359.4 kJ/mol - -274.4 kJ/mol = -85 kJ/mol (exothermic) | | |

Construct the equilibrium constant, K, expression for: Pb + CuCl ⟶ Cu + PbCl_2 Plan: • Balance the chemical equation. • Determine the stoichiometric numbers. • Assemble the activity expression for each chemical species. • Use the activity expressions to build the equilibrium constant expression. Write the balanced chemical equation: Pb + 2 CuCl ⟶ 2 Cu + PbCl_2 Assign stoichiometric numbers, ν_i, using the stoichiometric coefficients, c_i, from the balanced chemical equation in the following manner: ν_i = -c_i for reactants and ν_i = c_i for products: chemical species | c_i | ν_i Pb | 1 | -1 CuCl | 2 | -2 Cu | 2 | 2 PbCl_2 | 1 | 1 Assemble the activity expressions accounting for the state of matter and ν_i: chemical species | c_i | ν_i | activity expression Pb | 1 | -1 | ([Pb])^(-1) CuCl | 2 | -2 | ([CuCl])^(-2) Cu | 2 | 2 | ([Cu])^2 PbCl_2 | 1 | 1 | [PbCl2] The equilibrium constant symbol in the concentration basis is: K_c Mulitply the activity expressions to arrive at the K_c expression: Answer: | | K_c = ([Pb])^(-1) ([CuCl])^(-2) ([Cu])^2 [PbCl2] = (([Cu])^2 [PbCl2])/([Pb] ([CuCl])^2)

Construct the rate of reaction expression for: Pb + CuCl ⟶ Cu + PbCl_2 Plan: • Balance the chemical equation. • Determine the stoichiometric numbers. • Assemble the rate term for each chemical species. • Write the rate of reaction expression. Write the balanced chemical equation: Pb + 2 CuCl ⟶ 2 Cu + PbCl_2 Assign stoichiometric numbers, ν_i, using the stoichiometric coefficients, c_i, from the balanced chemical equation in the following manner: ν_i = -c_i for reactants and ν_i = c_i for products: chemical species | c_i | ν_i Pb | 1 | -1 CuCl | 2 | -2 Cu | 2 | 2 PbCl_2 | 1 | 1 The rate term for each chemical species, B_i, is 1/ν_i(Δ[B_i])/(Δt) where [B_i] is the amount concentration and t is time: chemical species | c_i | ν_i | rate term Pb | 1 | -1 | -(Δ[Pb])/(Δt) CuCl | 2 | -2 | -1/2 (Δ[CuCl])/(Δt) Cu | 2 | 2 | 1/2 (Δ[Cu])/(Δt) PbCl_2 | 1 | 1 | (Δ[PbCl2])/(Δt) (for infinitesimal rate of change, replace Δ with d) Set the rate terms equal to each other to arrive at the rate expression: Answer: | | rate = -(Δ[Pb])/(Δt) = -1/2 (Δ[CuCl])/(Δt) = 1/2 (Δ[Cu])/(Δt) = (Δ[PbCl2])/(Δt) (assuming constant volume and no accumulation of intermediates or side products)

| lead | cuprous chloride | copper | lead(II) chloride formula | Pb | CuCl | Cu | PbCl_2 Hill formula | Pb | ClCu | Cu | Cl_2Pb name | lead | cuprous chloride | copper | lead(II) chloride IUPAC name | lead | | copper | dichlorolead

| lead | cuprous chloride | copper | lead(II) chloride molar mass | 207.2 g/mol | 99 g/mol | 63.546 g/mol | 278.1 g/mol phase | solid (at STP) | solid (at STP) | solid (at STP) | solid (at STP) melting point | 327.4 °C | 430 °C | 1083 °C | 501 °C boiling point | 1740 °C | 1490 °C | 2567 °C | 950 °C density | 11.34 g/cm^3 | 4.145 g/cm^3 | 8.96 g/cm^3 | 5.85 g/cm^3 solubility in water | insoluble | | insoluble | dynamic viscosity | 0.00183 Pa s (at 38 °C) | | | odor | | | odorless |