nickel vs copper vs chromium

nickel (chemical element) | copper (chemical element) | chromium (chemical element)

Periodic table location

Images

| nickel | copper | chromium atomic symbol | Ni | Cu | Cr atomic number | 28 | 29 | 24 short electronic configuration | [Ar]4s^23d^8 | [Ar]4s^13d^10 | [Ar]4s^13d^5 Aufbau diagram | 3d 4s | 3d 4s | 3d 4s block | d | d | d group | 10 | 11 | 6 period | 4 | 4 | 4 atomic mass | 58.6934 u | 63.546 u | 51.9961 u half-life | (stable) | (stable) | (stable)

| nickel | copper | chromium phase at STP | solid | solid | solid melting point | 1455 °C | 1084.62 °C | 1907 °C boiling point | 2913 °C | 2562 °C | 2671 °C molar heat of fusion | 17.2 kJ/mol | 13.1 kJ/mol | 20.5 kJ/mol molar heat of vaporization | 378 kJ/mol | 300 kJ/mol | 339 kJ/mol specific heat at STP | 445 J/(kg K) | 384.4 J/(kg K) | 448 J/(kg K) Néel point | | | 393 K (properties at standard conditions)

| nickel | copper | chromium density | 8.908 g/cm^3 | 8.96 g/cm^3 | 7.19 g/cm^3 liquid density | 7.81 g/cm^3 | 8.02 g/cm^3 | 6.3 g/cm^3 molar volume | 6.589 cm^3/mol | 7.092 cm^3/mol | 7.232 cm^3/mol Mohs hardness | 4 (≈ fluorite) | 3 (≈ calcite) | 8.5 (between topaz and corundum) Vickers hardness | 638 MPa | 369 MPa | 1060 MPa Brinell hardness | 700 MPa | 874 MPa | 1120 MPa bulk modulus | 180 GPa | 140 GPa | 160 GPa shear modulus | 76 GPa | 48 GPa | 115 GPa Young's modulus | 200 GPa | 130 GPa | 279 GPa Poisson ratio | 0.31 | 0.34 | 0.21 tensile yield strength | 59 MPa | | ultimate tensile strength | 317 MPa | | sound speed | 4970 m/s | 3570 m/s | 5940 m/s thermal expansion | 1.34×10^-5 K^(-1) | 1.65×10^-5 K^(-1) | 4.9×10^-6 K^(-1) thermal conductivity | 91 W/(m K) | 400 W/(m K) | 94 W/(m K) (properties at standard conditions)

| nickel | copper | chromium electrical type | conductor | conductor | conductor resistivity | 7×10^-8 Ω m (ohm meters) | 1.7×10^-8 Ω m (ohm meters) | 1.3×10^-7 Ω m (ohm meters) electrical conductivity | 1.4×10^7 S/m (siemens per meter) | 5.9×10^7 S/m (siemens per meter) | 7.9×10^6 S/m (siemens per meter) magnetic type | ferromagnetic | diamagnetic | antiferromagnetic volume magnetic susceptibility | | -9.63×10^-6 | 3.177×10^-4 mass magnetic susceptibility | | -1.08×10^-9 m^3/kg (cubic meters per kilogram) | 4.45×10^-8 m^3/kg (cubic meters per kilogram) molar magnetic susceptibility | | -6.86×10^-11 m^3/mol (cubic meters per mole) | 2.314×10^-9 m^3/mol (cubic meters per mole) Curie point | 631 K (kelvins) | | Néel point | | | 393 K (kelvins) work function | (5.04 to 5.35) eV | (4.48 to 5.1) eV | 4.5 eV (Polycrystalline) threshold frequency | (1.219×10^15 to 1.294×10^15) Hz (hertz) | (1.083×10^15 to 1.233×10^15) Hz (hertz) | 1.088×10^15 Hz (hertz) color | (gray) | (copper) | (silver)

| nickel | copper | chromium valence | 2 | 2 | 6 electronegativity | 1.91 | 1.9 | 1.66 electron affinity | 112 kJ/mol (kilojoules per mole) | 118.4 kJ/mol (kilojoules per mole) | 64.3 kJ/mol (kilojoules per mole) first ionization energy | 737.1 kJ/mol (kilojoules per mole) | 745.5 kJ/mol (kilojoules per mole) | 652.9 kJ/mol (kilojoules per mole) ionization energies | 737.1 kJ/mol | 1753 kJ/mol | 3395 kJ/mol | 5300 kJ/mol | 7339 kJ/mol | 10400 kJ/mol | 12800 kJ/mol | 15600 kJ/mol | 18600 kJ/mol | 21670 kJ/mol | 30970 kJ/mol | 34000 kJ/mol | 37100 kJ/mol | 41500 kJ/mol | 44800 kJ/mol | 48100 kJ/mol | 55101 kJ/mol | 58570 kJ/mol | 148700 kJ/mol | 159000 kJ/mol | 169400 kJ/mol | 745.5 kJ/mol | 1957.9 kJ/mol | 3555 kJ/mol | 5536 kJ/mol | 7700 kJ/mol | 9900 kJ/mol | 13400 kJ/mol | 16000 kJ/mol | 19200 kJ/mol | 22400 kJ/mol | 25600 kJ/mol | 35600 kJ/mol | 38700 kJ/mol | 42000 kJ/mol | 46700 kJ/mol | 50200 kJ/mol | 53700 kJ/mol | 61100 kJ/mol | 64702 kJ/mol | 163700 kJ/mol | 174100 kJ/mol | 652.9 kJ/mol | 1590.6 kJ/mol | 2987 kJ/mol | 4743 kJ/mol | 6702 kJ/mol | 8744.9 kJ/mol | 15455 kJ/mol | 17820 kJ/mol | 20190 kJ/mol | 23580 kJ/mol | 26130 kJ/mol | 28750 kJ/mol | 34230 kJ/mol | 37066 kJ/mol | 97510 kJ/mol | 105800 kJ/mol | 114300 kJ/mol | 125300 kJ/mol | 134700 kJ/mol | 144300 kJ/mol | 157700 kJ/mol

Reactivity

| nickel | copper | chromium term symbol | ^3F_4 | ^2S_(1/2) | ^7S_3 atomic radius | 135 pm | 135 pm | 140 pm covalent radius | 124 pm | 132 pm | 139 pm van der Waals radius | 163 pm | 140 pm | (electronic ground state properties)

| nickel | copper | chromium universe abundance | 0.006 mass% | 6×10^-6 mass% | 0.0015 mass% solar abundance | 0.008 mass% | 7×10^-5 mass% | 0.002 mass% meteorite abundance | 1.3 mass% | 0.011 mass% | 0.3 mass% crust abundance | 0.0089 mass% | 0.0068 mass% | 0.014 mass% ocean abundance | 2×10^-7 mass% | 3×10^-7 mass% | 6×10^-8 mass% human abundance | 1×10^-5 mass% | 1×10^-4 mass% | 3×10^-6 mass% universe molar abundance | 1×10^-4 mol% | 1×10^-7 mol% | 4×10^-5 mol% solar molar abundance | 2×10^-4 mol% | 9.9×10^-7 mol% | 4×10^-5 mol% meteorite molar abundance | 0.44 mol% | 0.0031 mol% | 0.12 mol% ocean molar abundance | 2.1×10^-8 mol% | 2.9×10^-8 mol% | 7.1×10^-9 mol% crust molar abundance | 0.0032 mol% | 0.0022 mol% | 0.0055 mol% human molar abundance | 1.1×10^-6 mol% | 9.9×10^-6 mol% | 4×10^-7 mol%