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tellurium vs germanium vs silicon

Input interpretation

tellurium (chemical element) | germanium (chemical element) | silicon (chemical element)
tellurium (chemical element) | germanium (chemical element) | silicon (chemical element)

Periodic table location

Periodic table location
Periodic table location

Images

Images
Images

Basic elemental properties

| tellurium | germanium | silicon atomic symbol | Te | Ge | Si atomic number | 52 | 32 | 14 short electronic configuration | [Kr]5s^24d^105p^4 | [Ar]4s^23d^104p^2 | [Ne]3s^23p^2 Aufbau diagram | 5p 4d 5s | 4p 3d 4s | 3p 3s block | p | p | p group | 16 | 14 | 14 period | 5 | 4 | 3 atomic mass | 127.6 u | 72.63 u | 28.085 u half-life | (stable) | (stable) | (stable)
| tellurium | germanium | silicon atomic symbol | Te | Ge | Si atomic number | 52 | 32 | 14 short electronic configuration | [Kr]5s^24d^105p^4 | [Ar]4s^23d^104p^2 | [Ne]3s^23p^2 Aufbau diagram | 5p 4d 5s | 4p 3d 4s | 3p 3s block | p | p | p group | 16 | 14 | 14 period | 5 | 4 | 3 atomic mass | 127.6 u | 72.63 u | 28.085 u half-life | (stable) | (stable) | (stable)

Thermodynamic properties

| tellurium | germanium | silicon phase at STP | solid | solid | solid melting point | 449.51 °C | 938.3 °C | 1414 °C boiling point | 988 °C | 2820 °C | 2900 °C molar heat of fusion | 17.5 kJ/mol | 31.8 kJ/mol | 50.2 kJ/mol molar heat of vaporization | 48 kJ/mol | 334 kJ/mol | 359 kJ/mol specific heat at STP | 201 J/(kg K) | 321.4 J/(kg K) | 710 J/(kg K) (properties at standard conditions)
| tellurium | germanium | silicon phase at STP | solid | solid | solid melting point | 449.51 °C | 938.3 °C | 1414 °C boiling point | 988 °C | 2820 °C | 2900 °C molar heat of fusion | 17.5 kJ/mol | 31.8 kJ/mol | 50.2 kJ/mol molar heat of vaporization | 48 kJ/mol | 334 kJ/mol | 359 kJ/mol specific heat at STP | 201 J/(kg K) | 321.4 J/(kg K) | 710 J/(kg K) (properties at standard conditions)

Material properties

| tellurium | germanium | silicon density | 6.24 g/cm^3 | 5.323 g/cm^3 | 2.33 g/cm^3 liquid density | 5.7 g/cm^3 | 5.6 g/cm^3 | 2.57 g/cm^3 molar volume | 20.45 cm^3/mol | 13.64 cm^3/mol | 12.05 cm^3/mol Mohs hardness | 2.25 (between gypsum and calcite) | 6 (≈ microcline) | 6.5 (between microcline and quartz) Vickers hardness | | 8010 MPa | 9630 MPa Brinell hardness | 180 MPa | 7270 MPa | bulk modulus | 65 GPa | (unknown) | 100 GPa shear modulus | 16 GPa | (unknown) | Young's modulus | 43 GPa | (unknown) | 47 GPa ultimate tensile strength | 11 MPa | | refractive index | 1.000991 | (unknown) | sound speed | 2610 m/s | 5400 m/s | 2200 m/s thermal expansion | | 6×10^-6 K^(-1) | 2.6×10^-6 K^(-1) thermal conductivity | 3 W/(m K) | 60 W/(m K) | 150 W/(m K) (properties at standard conditions)
| tellurium | germanium | silicon density | 6.24 g/cm^3 | 5.323 g/cm^3 | 2.33 g/cm^3 liquid density | 5.7 g/cm^3 | 5.6 g/cm^3 | 2.57 g/cm^3 molar volume | 20.45 cm^3/mol | 13.64 cm^3/mol | 12.05 cm^3/mol Mohs hardness | 2.25 (between gypsum and calcite) | 6 (≈ microcline) | 6.5 (between microcline and quartz) Vickers hardness | | 8010 MPa | 9630 MPa Brinell hardness | 180 MPa | 7270 MPa | bulk modulus | 65 GPa | (unknown) | 100 GPa shear modulus | 16 GPa | (unknown) | Young's modulus | 43 GPa | (unknown) | 47 GPa ultimate tensile strength | 11 MPa | | refractive index | 1.000991 | (unknown) | sound speed | 2610 m/s | 5400 m/s | 2200 m/s thermal expansion | | 6×10^-6 K^(-1) | 2.6×10^-6 K^(-1) thermal conductivity | 3 W/(m K) | 60 W/(m K) | 150 W/(m K) (properties at standard conditions)

Electromagnetic properties

| tellurium | germanium | silicon electrical type | semiconductor | semiconductor | semiconductor resistivity | 1×10^-4 Ω m (ohm meters) | 5×10^-4 Ω m (ohm meters) | 0.001 Ω m (ohm meters) electrical conductivity | 10000 S/m (siemens per meter) | 2000 S/m (siemens per meter) | 1000 S/m (siemens per meter) magnetic type | diamagnetic | diamagnetic | diamagnetic volume magnetic susceptibility | -2.43×10^-5 | -7.98×10^-6 | -3.73×10^-6 mass magnetic susceptibility | -3.9×10^-9 m^3/kg (cubic meters per kilogram) | -1.5×10^-9 m^3/kg (cubic meters per kilogram) | -1.6×10^-9 m^3/kg (cubic meters per kilogram) molar magnetic susceptibility | -4.98×10^-10 m^3/mol (cubic meters per mole) | -1.09×10^-10 m^3/mol (cubic meters per mole) | -4.49×10^-11 m^3/mol (cubic meters per mole) work function | 4.95 eV (Polycrystalline) | 5 eV (Polycrystalline) | (4.6 to 4.91) eV threshold frequency | 1.197×10^15 Hz (hertz) | 1.209×10^15 Hz (hertz) | (1.112×10^15 to 1.187×10^15) Hz (hertz) color | (silver) | (gray) | (gray) refractive index | 1.000991 | (unknown) |
| tellurium | germanium | silicon electrical type | semiconductor | semiconductor | semiconductor resistivity | 1×10^-4 Ω m (ohm meters) | 5×10^-4 Ω m (ohm meters) | 0.001 Ω m (ohm meters) electrical conductivity | 10000 S/m (siemens per meter) | 2000 S/m (siemens per meter) | 1000 S/m (siemens per meter) magnetic type | diamagnetic | diamagnetic | diamagnetic volume magnetic susceptibility | -2.43×10^-5 | -7.98×10^-6 | -3.73×10^-6 mass magnetic susceptibility | -3.9×10^-9 m^3/kg (cubic meters per kilogram) | -1.5×10^-9 m^3/kg (cubic meters per kilogram) | -1.6×10^-9 m^3/kg (cubic meters per kilogram) molar magnetic susceptibility | -4.98×10^-10 m^3/mol (cubic meters per mole) | -1.09×10^-10 m^3/mol (cubic meters per mole) | -4.49×10^-11 m^3/mol (cubic meters per mole) work function | 4.95 eV (Polycrystalline) | 5 eV (Polycrystalline) | (4.6 to 4.91) eV threshold frequency | 1.197×10^15 Hz (hertz) | 1.209×10^15 Hz (hertz) | (1.112×10^15 to 1.187×10^15) Hz (hertz) color | (silver) | (gray) | (gray) refractive index | 1.000991 | (unknown) |

Reactivity

| tellurium | germanium | silicon valence | 6 | 4 | 4 electronegativity | 2.1 | 2.01 | 1.9 electron affinity | 190.2 kJ/mol (kilojoules per mole) | 119 kJ/mol (kilojoules per mole) | 133.6 kJ/mol (kilojoules per mole) first ionization energy | 869.3 kJ/mol (kilojoules per mole) | 762 kJ/mol (kilojoules per mole) | 786.5 kJ/mol (kilojoules per mole) ionization energies | 869.3 kJ/mol | 1790 kJ/mol | 2698 kJ/mol | 3610 kJ/mol | 5668 kJ/mol | 6820 kJ/mol | 13200 kJ/mol | 762 kJ/mol | 1537.5 kJ/mol | 3302.1 kJ/mol | 4411 kJ/mol | 9020 kJ/mol | 786.5 kJ/mol | 1577.1 kJ/mol | 3231.6 kJ/mol | 4355.5 kJ/mol | 16091 kJ/mol | 19805 kJ/mol | 23780 kJ/mol | 29287 kJ/mol | 33878 kJ/mol | 38726 kJ/mol
| tellurium | germanium | silicon valence | 6 | 4 | 4 electronegativity | 2.1 | 2.01 | 1.9 electron affinity | 190.2 kJ/mol (kilojoules per mole) | 119 kJ/mol (kilojoules per mole) | 133.6 kJ/mol (kilojoules per mole) first ionization energy | 869.3 kJ/mol (kilojoules per mole) | 762 kJ/mol (kilojoules per mole) | 786.5 kJ/mol (kilojoules per mole) ionization energies | 869.3 kJ/mol | 1790 kJ/mol | 2698 kJ/mol | 3610 kJ/mol | 5668 kJ/mol | 6820 kJ/mol | 13200 kJ/mol | 762 kJ/mol | 1537.5 kJ/mol | 3302.1 kJ/mol | 4411 kJ/mol | 9020 kJ/mol | 786.5 kJ/mol | 1577.1 kJ/mol | 3231.6 kJ/mol | 4355.5 kJ/mol | 16091 kJ/mol | 19805 kJ/mol | 23780 kJ/mol | 29287 kJ/mol | 33878 kJ/mol | 38726 kJ/mol
Reactivity
Reactivity

Atomic properties

| tellurium | germanium | silicon term symbol | ^3P_2 | ^3P_0 | ^3P_0 atomic radius | 140 pm | 125 pm | 110 pm covalent radius | 138 pm | 120 pm | 111 pm van der Waals radius | 206 pm | (unknown) | 210 pm (electronic ground state properties)
| tellurium | germanium | silicon term symbol | ^3P_2 | ^3P_0 | ^3P_0 atomic radius | 140 pm | 125 pm | 110 pm covalent radius | 138 pm | 120 pm | 111 pm van der Waals radius | 206 pm | (unknown) | 210 pm (electronic ground state properties)

Abundances

| tellurium | germanium | silicon universe abundance | 9×10^-7 mass% | 2×10^-5 mass% | 0.07 mass% solar abundance | | 2×10^-5 mass% | 0.09 mass% meteorite abundance | 2.1×10^-4 mass% | 0.0021 mass% | 14 mass% crust abundance | 9.9×10^-8 mass% | 1.4×10^-4 mass% | 27 mass% ocean abundance | | 6×10^-9 mass% | 1×10^-4 mass% human abundance | | | 0.026 mass% universe molar abundance | 9×10^-9 mol% | 3×10^-7 mol% | 0.003 mol% solar molar abundance | | 3×10^-7 mol% | 0.004 mol% meteorite molar abundance | 3×10^-5 mol% | 4.9×10^-4 mol% | 10 mol% ocean molar abundance | | 5.1×10^-10 mol% | 2.2×10^-5 mol% crust molar abundance | 2×10^-8 mol% | 3.9×10^-5 mol% | 20 mol% human molar abundance | | | 0.0058 mol%
| tellurium | germanium | silicon universe abundance | 9×10^-7 mass% | 2×10^-5 mass% | 0.07 mass% solar abundance | | 2×10^-5 mass% | 0.09 mass% meteorite abundance | 2.1×10^-4 mass% | 0.0021 mass% | 14 mass% crust abundance | 9.9×10^-8 mass% | 1.4×10^-4 mass% | 27 mass% ocean abundance | | 6×10^-9 mass% | 1×10^-4 mass% human abundance | | | 0.026 mass% universe molar abundance | 9×10^-9 mol% | 3×10^-7 mol% | 0.003 mol% solar molar abundance | | 3×10^-7 mol% | 0.004 mol% meteorite molar abundance | 3×10^-5 mol% | 4.9×10^-4 mol% | 10 mol% ocean molar abundance | | 5.1×10^-10 mol% | 2.2×10^-5 mol% crust molar abundance | 2×10^-8 mol% | 3.9×10^-5 mol% | 20 mol% human molar abundance | | | 0.0058 mol%

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