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silicon vs germanium vs ytterbium

Input interpretation

silicon (chemical element) | germanium (chemical element) | ytterbium (chemical element)
silicon (chemical element) | germanium (chemical element) | ytterbium (chemical element)

Periodic table location

Periodic table location
Periodic table location

Images

Images
Images

Basic elemental properties

| silicon | germanium | ytterbium atomic symbol | Si | Ge | Yb atomic number | 14 | 32 | 70 short electronic configuration | [Ne]3s^23p^2 | [Ar]4s^23d^104p^2 | [Xe]6s^24f^14 Aufbau diagram | 3p 3s | 4p 3d 4s | 4f 6s block | p | p | f group | 14 | 14 | period | 3 | 4 | 6 atomic mass | 28.085 u | 72.63 u | 173.045 u half-life | (stable) | (stable) | (stable)
| silicon | germanium | ytterbium atomic symbol | Si | Ge | Yb atomic number | 14 | 32 | 70 short electronic configuration | [Ne]3s^23p^2 | [Ar]4s^23d^104p^2 | [Xe]6s^24f^14 Aufbau diagram | 3p 3s | 4p 3d 4s | 4f 6s block | p | p | f group | 14 | 14 | period | 3 | 4 | 6 atomic mass | 28.085 u | 72.63 u | 173.045 u half-life | (stable) | (stable) | (stable)

Thermodynamic properties

| silicon | germanium | ytterbium phase at STP | solid | solid | solid melting point | 1414 °C | 938.3 °C | 819 °C boiling point | 2900 °C | 2820 °C | 1196 °C molar heat of fusion | 50.2 kJ/mol | 31.8 kJ/mol | 7.7 kJ/mol molar heat of vaporization | 359 kJ/mol | 334 kJ/mol | 160 kJ/mol specific heat at STP | 710 J/(kg K) | 321.4 J/(kg K) | 154 J/(kg K) (properties at standard conditions)
| silicon | germanium | ytterbium phase at STP | solid | solid | solid melting point | 1414 °C | 938.3 °C | 819 °C boiling point | 2900 °C | 2820 °C | 1196 °C molar heat of fusion | 50.2 kJ/mol | 31.8 kJ/mol | 7.7 kJ/mol molar heat of vaporization | 359 kJ/mol | 334 kJ/mol | 160 kJ/mol specific heat at STP | 710 J/(kg K) | 321.4 J/(kg K) | 154 J/(kg K) (properties at standard conditions)

Material properties

| silicon | germanium | ytterbium density | 2.33 g/cm^3 | 5.323 g/cm^3 | 6.57 g/cm^3 liquid density | 2.57 g/cm^3 | 5.6 g/cm^3 | 6.21 g/cm^3 molar volume | 12.05 cm^3/mol | 13.64 cm^3/mol | 26.34 cm^3/mol Mohs hardness | 6.5 (between microcline and quartz) | 6 (≈ microcline) | Vickers hardness | 9630 MPa | 8010 MPa | 206 MPa Brinell hardness | | 7270 MPa | 343 MPa bulk modulus | 100 GPa | (unknown) | 31 GPa shear modulus | | (unknown) | 9.9 GPa Young's modulus | 47 GPa | (unknown) | 24 GPa Poisson ratio | | (unknown) | 0.21 tensile yield strength | | | 66 MPa ultimate tensile strength | | | 72 MPa sound speed | 2200 m/s | 5400 m/s | 1590 m/s thermal expansion | 2.6×10^-6 K^(-1) | 6×10^-6 K^(-1) | 2.63×10^-5 K^(-1) thermal conductivity | 150 W/(m K) | 60 W/(m K) | 39 W/(m K) (properties at standard conditions)
| silicon | germanium | ytterbium density | 2.33 g/cm^3 | 5.323 g/cm^3 | 6.57 g/cm^3 liquid density | 2.57 g/cm^3 | 5.6 g/cm^3 | 6.21 g/cm^3 molar volume | 12.05 cm^3/mol | 13.64 cm^3/mol | 26.34 cm^3/mol Mohs hardness | 6.5 (between microcline and quartz) | 6 (≈ microcline) | Vickers hardness | 9630 MPa | 8010 MPa | 206 MPa Brinell hardness | | 7270 MPa | 343 MPa bulk modulus | 100 GPa | (unknown) | 31 GPa shear modulus | | (unknown) | 9.9 GPa Young's modulus | 47 GPa | (unknown) | 24 GPa Poisson ratio | | (unknown) | 0.21 tensile yield strength | | | 66 MPa ultimate tensile strength | | | 72 MPa sound speed | 2200 m/s | 5400 m/s | 1590 m/s thermal expansion | 2.6×10^-6 K^(-1) | 6×10^-6 K^(-1) | 2.63×10^-5 K^(-1) thermal conductivity | 150 W/(m K) | 60 W/(m K) | 39 W/(m K) (properties at standard conditions)

Electromagnetic properties

| silicon | germanium | ytterbium electrical type | semiconductor | semiconductor | conductor resistivity | 0.001 Ω m (ohm meters) | 5×10^-4 Ω m (ohm meters) | 2.8×10^-7 Ω m (ohm meters) electrical conductivity | 1000 S/m (siemens per meter) | 2000 S/m (siemens per meter) | 3.6×10^6 S/m (siemens per meter) magnetic type | diamagnetic | diamagnetic | paramagnetic volume magnetic susceptibility | -3.73×10^-6 | -7.98×10^-6 | 3.88×10^-5 mass magnetic susceptibility | -1.6×10^-9 m^3/kg (cubic meters per kilogram) | -1.5×10^-9 m^3/kg (cubic meters per kilogram) | 5.9×10^-9 m^3/kg (cubic meters per kilogram) molar magnetic susceptibility | -4.49×10^-11 m^3/mol (cubic meters per mole) | -1.09×10^-10 m^3/mol (cubic meters per mole) | 1.02×10^-9 m^3/mol (cubic meters per mole) work function | (4.6 to 4.91) eV | 5 eV (Polycrystalline) | threshold frequency | (1.112×10^15 to 1.187×10^15) Hz (hertz) | 1.209×10^15 Hz (hertz) | color | (gray) | (gray) | (silver)
| silicon | germanium | ytterbium electrical type | semiconductor | semiconductor | conductor resistivity | 0.001 Ω m (ohm meters) | 5×10^-4 Ω m (ohm meters) | 2.8×10^-7 Ω m (ohm meters) electrical conductivity | 1000 S/m (siemens per meter) | 2000 S/m (siemens per meter) | 3.6×10^6 S/m (siemens per meter) magnetic type | diamagnetic | diamagnetic | paramagnetic volume magnetic susceptibility | -3.73×10^-6 | -7.98×10^-6 | 3.88×10^-5 mass magnetic susceptibility | -1.6×10^-9 m^3/kg (cubic meters per kilogram) | -1.5×10^-9 m^3/kg (cubic meters per kilogram) | 5.9×10^-9 m^3/kg (cubic meters per kilogram) molar magnetic susceptibility | -4.49×10^-11 m^3/mol (cubic meters per mole) | -1.09×10^-10 m^3/mol (cubic meters per mole) | 1.02×10^-9 m^3/mol (cubic meters per mole) work function | (4.6 to 4.91) eV | 5 eV (Polycrystalline) | threshold frequency | (1.112×10^15 to 1.187×10^15) Hz (hertz) | 1.209×10^15 Hz (hertz) | color | (gray) | (gray) | (silver)

Reactivity

| silicon | germanium | ytterbium valence | 4 | 4 | 3 electronegativity | 1.9 | 2.01 | electron affinity | 133.6 kJ/mol (kilojoules per mole) | 119 kJ/mol (kilojoules per mole) | 50 kJ/mol (kilojoules per mole) first ionization energy | 786.5 kJ/mol (kilojoules per mole) | 762 kJ/mol (kilojoules per mole) | 603.4 kJ/mol (kilojoules per mole) ionization energies | 786.5 kJ/mol | 1577.1 kJ/mol | 3231.6 kJ/mol | 4355.5 kJ/mol | 16091 kJ/mol | 19805 kJ/mol | 23780 kJ/mol | 29287 kJ/mol | 33878 kJ/mol | 38726 kJ/mol | 762 kJ/mol | 1537.5 kJ/mol | 3302.1 kJ/mol | 4411 kJ/mol | 9020 kJ/mol | 603.4 kJ/mol | 1174.8 kJ/mol | 2417 kJ/mol | 4203 kJ/mol
| silicon | germanium | ytterbium valence | 4 | 4 | 3 electronegativity | 1.9 | 2.01 | electron affinity | 133.6 kJ/mol (kilojoules per mole) | 119 kJ/mol (kilojoules per mole) | 50 kJ/mol (kilojoules per mole) first ionization energy | 786.5 kJ/mol (kilojoules per mole) | 762 kJ/mol (kilojoules per mole) | 603.4 kJ/mol (kilojoules per mole) ionization energies | 786.5 kJ/mol | 1577.1 kJ/mol | 3231.6 kJ/mol | 4355.5 kJ/mol | 16091 kJ/mol | 19805 kJ/mol | 23780 kJ/mol | 29287 kJ/mol | 33878 kJ/mol | 38726 kJ/mol | 762 kJ/mol | 1537.5 kJ/mol | 3302.1 kJ/mol | 4411 kJ/mol | 9020 kJ/mol | 603.4 kJ/mol | 1174.8 kJ/mol | 2417 kJ/mol | 4203 kJ/mol
Reactivity
Reactivity

Atomic properties

| silicon | germanium | ytterbium term symbol | ^3P_0 | ^3P_0 | ^1S_0 atomic radius | 110 pm | 125 pm | 175 pm covalent radius | 111 pm | 120 pm | 187 pm van der Waals radius | 210 pm | (unknown) | (electronic ground state properties)
| silicon | germanium | ytterbium term symbol | ^3P_0 | ^3P_0 | ^1S_0 atomic radius | 110 pm | 125 pm | 175 pm covalent radius | 111 pm | 120 pm | 187 pm van der Waals radius | 210 pm | (unknown) | (electronic ground state properties)

Abundances

| silicon | germanium | ytterbium universe abundance | 0.07 mass% | 2×10^-5 mass% | 2×10^-7 mass% solar abundance | 0.09 mass% | 2×10^-5 mass% | 1×10^-7 mass% meteorite abundance | 14 mass% | 0.0021 mass% | 1.8×10^-5 mass% crust abundance | 27 mass% | 1.4×10^-4 mass% | 2.8×10^-4 mass% ocean abundance | 1×10^-4 mass% | 6×10^-9 mass% | 8×10^-11 mass% human abundance | 0.026 mass% | | universe molar abundance | 0.003 mol% | 3×10^-7 mol% | 1×10^-9 mol% solar molar abundance | 0.004 mol% | 3×10^-7 mol% | 9.9×10^-10 mol% meteorite molar abundance | 10 mol% | 4.9×10^-4 mol% | 2×10^-6 mol% ocean molar abundance | 2.2×10^-5 mol% | 5.1×10^-10 mol% | 2.9×10^-12 mol% crust molar abundance | 20 mol% | 3.9×10^-5 mol% | 3.4×10^-5 mol% human molar abundance | 0.0058 mol% | |
| silicon | germanium | ytterbium universe abundance | 0.07 mass% | 2×10^-5 mass% | 2×10^-7 mass% solar abundance | 0.09 mass% | 2×10^-5 mass% | 1×10^-7 mass% meteorite abundance | 14 mass% | 0.0021 mass% | 1.8×10^-5 mass% crust abundance | 27 mass% | 1.4×10^-4 mass% | 2.8×10^-4 mass% ocean abundance | 1×10^-4 mass% | 6×10^-9 mass% | 8×10^-11 mass% human abundance | 0.026 mass% | | universe molar abundance | 0.003 mol% | 3×10^-7 mol% | 1×10^-9 mol% solar molar abundance | 0.004 mol% | 3×10^-7 mol% | 9.9×10^-10 mol% meteorite molar abundance | 10 mol% | 4.9×10^-4 mol% | 2×10^-6 mol% ocean molar abundance | 2.2×10^-5 mol% | 5.1×10^-10 mol% | 2.9×10^-12 mol% crust molar abundance | 20 mol% | 3.9×10^-5 mol% | 3.4×10^-5 mol% human molar abundance | 0.0058 mol% | |

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