H2SO4 + Al = H2O + SO2 + Al2O3

H_2SO_4 sulfuric acid + Al aluminum ⟶ H_2O water + SO_2 sulfur dioxide + Al_2O_3 aluminum oxide

Balance the chemical equation algebraically: H_2SO_4 + Al ⟶ H_2O + SO_2 + Al_2O_3 Add stoichiometric coefficients, c_i, to the reactants and products: c_1 H_2SO_4 + c_2 Al ⟶ c_3 H_2O + c_4 SO_2 + c_5 Al_2O_3 Set the number of atoms in the reactants equal to the number of atoms in the products for H, O, S and Al: H: | 2 c_1 = 2 c_3 O: | 4 c_1 = c_3 + 2 c_4 + 3 c_5 S: | c_1 = c_4 Al: | c_2 = 2 c_5 Since the coefficients are relative quantities and underdetermined, choose a coefficient to set arbitrarily. To keep the coefficients small, the arbitrary value is ordinarily one. For instance, set c_5 = 1 and solve the system of equations for the remaining coefficients: c_1 = 3 c_2 = 2 c_3 = 3 c_4 = 3 c_5 = 1 Substitute the coefficients into the chemical reaction to obtain the balanced equation: Answer: | | 3 H_2SO_4 + 2 Al ⟶ 3 H_2O + 3 SO_2 + Al_2O_3

+ ⟶ + +

sulfuric acid + aluminum ⟶ water + sulfur dioxide + aluminum oxide

| sulfuric acid | aluminum | water | sulfur dioxide | aluminum oxide molecular enthalpy | -814 kJ/mol | 0 kJ/mol | -285.8 kJ/mol | -296.8 kJ/mol | -1676 kJ/mol total enthalpy | -2442 kJ/mol | 0 kJ/mol | -857.5 kJ/mol | -890.4 kJ/mol | -1676 kJ/mol | H_initial = -2442 kJ/mol | | H_final = -3424 kJ/mol | | ΔH_rxn^0 | -3424 kJ/mol - -2442 kJ/mol = -981.9 kJ/mol (exothermic) | | | |

| sulfuric acid | aluminum | water | sulfur dioxide | aluminum oxide molecular entropy | 157 J/(mol K) | 28.3 J/(mol K) | 69.91 J/(mol K) | 248 J/(mol K) | 51 J/(mol K) total entropy | 471 J/(mol K) | 56.6 J/(mol K) | 209.7 J/(mol K) | 744 J/(mol K) | 51 J/(mol K) | S_initial = 527.6 J/(mol K) | | S_final = 1005 J/(mol K) | | ΔS_rxn^0 | 1005 J/(mol K) - 527.6 J/(mol K) = 477.1 J/(mol K) (endoentropic) | | | |

Construct the equilibrium constant, K, expression for: H_2SO_4 + Al ⟶ H_2O + SO_2 + Al_2O_3 Plan: • Balance the chemical equation. • Determine the stoichiometric numbers. • Assemble the activity expression for each chemical species. • Use the activity expressions to build the equilibrium constant expression. Write the balanced chemical equation: 3 H_2SO_4 + 2 Al ⟶ 3 H_2O + 3 SO_2 + Al_2O_3 Assign stoichiometric numbers, ν_i, using the stoichiometric coefficients, c_i, from the balanced chemical equation in the following manner: ν_i = -c_i for reactants and ν_i = c_i for products: chemical species | c_i | ν_i H_2SO_4 | 3 | -3 Al | 2 | -2 H_2O | 3 | 3 SO_2 | 3 | 3 Al_2O_3 | 1 | 1 Assemble the activity expressions accounting for the state of matter and ν_i: chemical species | c_i | ν_i | activity expression H_2SO_4 | 3 | -3 | ([H2SO4])^(-3) Al | 2 | -2 | ([Al])^(-2) H_2O | 3 | 3 | ([H2O])^3 SO_2 | 3 | 3 | ([SO2])^3 Al_2O_3 | 1 | 1 | [Al2O3] The equilibrium constant symbol in the concentration basis is: K_c Mulitply the activity expressions to arrive at the K_c expression: Answer: | | K_c = ([H2SO4])^(-3) ([Al])^(-2) ([H2O])^3 ([SO2])^3 [Al2O3] = (([H2O])^3 ([SO2])^3 [Al2O3])/(([H2SO4])^3 ([Al])^2)

Construct the rate of reaction expression for: H_2SO_4 + Al ⟶ H_2O + SO_2 + Al_2O_3 Plan: • Balance the chemical equation. • Determine the stoichiometric numbers. • Assemble the rate term for each chemical species. • Write the rate of reaction expression. Write the balanced chemical equation: 3 H_2SO_4 + 2 Al ⟶ 3 H_2O + 3 SO_2 + Al_2O_3 Assign stoichiometric numbers, ν_i, using the stoichiometric coefficients, c_i, from the balanced chemical equation in the following manner: ν_i = -c_i for reactants and ν_i = c_i for products: chemical species | c_i | ν_i H_2SO_4 | 3 | -3 Al | 2 | -2 H_2O | 3 | 3 SO_2 | 3 | 3 Al_2O_3 | 1 | 1 The rate term for each chemical species, B_i, is 1/ν_i(Δ[B_i])/(Δt) where [B_i] is the amount concentration and t is time: chemical species | c_i | ν_i | rate term H_2SO_4 | 3 | -3 | -1/3 (Δ[H2SO4])/(Δt) Al | 2 | -2 | -1/2 (Δ[Al])/(Δt) H_2O | 3 | 3 | 1/3 (Δ[H2O])/(Δt) SO_2 | 3 | 3 | 1/3 (Δ[SO2])/(Δt) Al_2O_3 | 1 | 1 | (Δ[Al2O3])/(Δt) (for infinitesimal rate of change, replace Δ with d) Set the rate terms equal to each other to arrive at the rate expression: Answer: | | rate = -1/3 (Δ[H2SO4])/(Δt) = -1/2 (Δ[Al])/(Δt) = 1/3 (Δ[H2O])/(Δt) = 1/3 (Δ[SO2])/(Δt) = (Δ[Al2O3])/(Δt) (assuming constant volume and no accumulation of intermediates or side products)

| sulfuric acid | aluminum | water | sulfur dioxide | aluminum oxide formula | H_2SO_4 | Al | H_2O | SO_2 | Al_2O_3 Hill formula | H_2O_4S | Al | H_2O | O_2S | Al_2O_3 name | sulfuric acid | aluminum | water | sulfur dioxide | aluminum oxide IUPAC name | sulfuric acid | aluminum | water | sulfur dioxide | dialuminum;oxygen(2-)

| sulfuric acid | aluminum | water | sulfur dioxide | aluminum oxide molar mass | 98.07 g/mol | 26.9815385 g/mol | 18.015 g/mol | 64.06 g/mol | 101.96 g/mol phase | liquid (at STP) | solid (at STP) | liquid (at STP) | gas (at STP) | solid (at STP) melting point | 10.371 °C | 660.4 °C | 0 °C | -73 °C | 2040 °C boiling point | 279.6 °C | 2460 °C | 99.9839 °C | -10 °C | density | 1.8305 g/cm^3 | 2.7 g/cm^3 | 1 g/cm^3 | 0.002619 g/cm^3 (at 25 °C) | solubility in water | very soluble | insoluble | | | surface tension | 0.0735 N/m | 0.817 N/m | 0.0728 N/m | 0.02859 N/m | dynamic viscosity | 0.021 Pa s (at 25 °C) | 1.5×10^-4 Pa s (at 760 °C) | 8.9×10^-4 Pa s (at 25 °C) | 1.282×10^-5 Pa s (at 25 °C) | odor | odorless | odorless | odorless | | odorless