vanadium vs ruthenium vs palladium

vanadium (chemical element) | ruthenium (chemical element) | palladium (chemical element)

Periodic table location

Images

| vanadium | ruthenium | palladium atomic symbol | V | Ru | Pd atomic number | 23 | 44 | 46 short electronic configuration | [Ar]4s^23d^3 | [Kr]5s^14d^7 | [Kr]4d^10 Aufbau diagram | 3d 4s | 4d 5s | 4d block | d | d | d group | 5 | 8 | 10 period | 4 | 5 | 5 atomic mass | 50.9415 u | 101.07 u | 106.42 u half-life | (stable) | (stable) | (stable)

| vanadium | ruthenium | palladium phase at STP | solid | solid | solid melting point | 1910 °C | 2334 °C | 1554.9 °C boiling point | 3407 °C | 4150 °C | 2963 °C molar heat of fusion | 22.8 kJ/mol | 25.7 kJ/mol | 16.7 kJ/mol molar heat of vaporization | 453 kJ/mol | 580 kJ/mol | 380 kJ/mol specific heat at STP | 489 J/(kg K) | 238 J/(kg K) | 240 J/(kg K) (properties at standard conditions)

| vanadium | ruthenium | palladium density | 6.11 g/cm^3 | 12.37 g/cm^3 | 12.023 g/cm^3 liquid density | 5.5 g/cm^3 | 10.65 g/cm^3 | 10.38 g/cm^3 molar volume | 8.337 cm^3/mol | 8.171 cm^3/mol | 8.851 cm^3/mol Mohs hardness | 7 (≈ quartz) | 6.5 (between microcline and quartz) | 4.75 (between apatite and fluorite) Vickers hardness | 628 MPa | 2300 MPa | 461 MPa Brinell hardness | 628 MPa | 2160 MPa | 37.3 MPa bulk modulus | 160 GPa | 220 GPa | 180 GPa shear modulus | 47 GPa | 173 GPa | 44 GPa Young's modulus | 128 GPa | 447 GPa | 121 GPa Poisson ratio | 0.37 | 0.3 | 0.39 ultimate tensile strength | | | 180 MPa sound speed | 4560 m/s | 5970 m/s | 3070 m/s thermal expansion | 8.4×10^-6 K^(-1) | 6.4×10^-6 K^(-1) | 1.18×10^-5 K^(-1) thermal conductivity | 31 W/(m K) | 120 W/(m K) | 72 W/(m K) (properties at standard conditions)

| vanadium | ruthenium | palladium electrical type | conductor | conductor | conductor resistivity | 2×10^-7 Ω m (ohm meters) | 7.1×10^-8 Ω m (ohm meters) | 1×10^-7 Ω m (ohm meters) electrical conductivity | 5×10^6 S/m (siemens per meter) | 1.4×10^7 S/m (siemens per meter) | 1×10^7 S/m (siemens per meter) magnetic type | paramagnetic | paramagnetic | paramagnetic volume magnetic susceptibility | 3.837×10^-4 | 6.7×10^-5 | 7.899×10^-4 mass magnetic susceptibility | 6.28×10^-8 m^3/kg (cubic meters per kilogram) | 5.42×10^-9 m^3/kg (cubic meters per kilogram) | 6.57×10^-8 m^3/kg (cubic meters per kilogram) molar magnetic susceptibility | 3.199×10^-9 m^3/mol (cubic meters per mole) | 5.48×10^-10 m^3/mol (cubic meters per mole) | 6.992×10^-9 m^3/mol (cubic meters per mole) work function | 4.3 eV (Polycrystalline) | 4.71 eV (Polycrystalline) | (5.22 to 5.6) eV threshold frequency | 1.04×10^15 Hz (hertz) | 1.139×10^15 Hz (hertz) | (1.262×10^15 to 1.354×10^15) Hz (hertz) superconducting point | 5.4 K (kelvins) | 0.49 K (kelvins) | color | (silver) | (silver) | (silver)

| vanadium | ruthenium | palladium valence | 5 | 6 | 4 electronegativity | 1.63 | 2.2 | 2.2 electron affinity | 50.6 kJ/mol (kilojoules per mole) | 101.3 kJ/mol (kilojoules per mole) | 53.7 kJ/mol (kilojoules per mole) first ionization energy | 650.9 kJ/mol (kilojoules per mole) | 710.2 kJ/mol (kilojoules per mole) | 804.4 kJ/mol (kilojoules per mole) ionization energies | 650.9 kJ/mol | 1414 kJ/mol | 2830 kJ/mol | 4507 kJ/mol | 6298.7 kJ/mol | 12363 kJ/mol | 14530 kJ/mol | 16730 kJ/mol | 19860 kJ/mol | 22240 kJ/mol | 24670 kJ/mol | 29730 kJ/mol | 32446 kJ/mol | 86450 kJ/mol | 94170 kJ/mol | 102300 kJ/mol | 112700 kJ/mol | 121600 kJ/mol | 130700 kJ/mol | 143400 kJ/mol | 151440 kJ/mol | 710.2 kJ/mol | 1620 kJ/mol | 2747 kJ/mol | 804.4 kJ/mol | 1870 kJ/mol | 3177 kJ/mol

Reactivity

| vanadium | ruthenium | palladium term symbol | ^4F_(3/2) | ^5F_5 | ^1S_0 atomic radius | 135 pm | 130 pm | 140 pm covalent radius | 153 pm | 146 pm | 139 pm van der Waals radius | | | 163 pm (electronic ground state properties)

| vanadium | ruthenium | palladium universe abundance | 1×10^-4 mass% | 4×10^-7 mass% | 2×10^-7 mass% solar abundance | 4×10^-5 mass% | 5×10^-7 mass% | 3×10^-7 mass% meteorite abundance | 0.0061 mass% | 8.1×10^-5 mass% | 6.6×10^-5 mass% crust abundance | 0.019 mass% | 9.9×10^-8 mass% | 6.3×10^-7 mass% ocean abundance | 1.5×10^-7 mass% | 7×10^-11 mass% | human abundance | 3×10^-6 mass% | | universe molar abundance | 2×10^-6 mol% | 5×10^-9 mol% | 2×10^-9 mol% solar molar abundance | 9×10^-7 mol% | 6×10^-9 mol% | 4×10^-9 mol% meteorite molar abundance | 0.0023 mol% | 1.6×10^-5 mol% | 1.3×10^-5 mol% ocean molar abundance | 1.8×10^-8 mol% | 4.3×10^-12 mol% | crust molar abundance | 0.0075 mol% | 2×10^-8 mol% | 9.9×10^-8 mol% human molar abundance | 4×10^-7 mol% | |