O2 + MnO = MnO2

O_2 oxygen + MnO manganese monoxide ⟶ MnO_2 manganese dioxide

Balance the chemical equation algebraically: O_2 + MnO ⟶ MnO_2 Add stoichiometric coefficients, c_i, to the reactants and products: c_1 O_2 + c_2 MnO ⟶ c_3 MnO_2 Set the number of atoms in the reactants equal to the number of atoms in the products for O and Mn: O: | 2 c_1 + c_2 = 2 c_3 Mn: | c_2 = c_3 Since the coefficients are relative quantities and underdetermined, choose a coefficient to set arbitrarily. To keep the coefficients small, the arbitrary value is ordinarily one. For instance, set c_1 = 1 and solve the system of equations for the remaining coefficients: c_1 = 1 c_2 = 2 c_3 = 2 Substitute the coefficients into the chemical reaction to obtain the balanced equation: Answer: | | O_2 + 2 MnO ⟶ 2 MnO_2

+ ⟶

oxygen + manganese monoxide ⟶ manganese dioxide

| oxygen | manganese monoxide | manganese dioxide molecular enthalpy | 0 kJ/mol | -385.2 kJ/mol | -520 kJ/mol total enthalpy | 0 kJ/mol | -770.4 kJ/mol | -1040 kJ/mol | H_initial = -770.4 kJ/mol | | H_final = -1040 kJ/mol ΔH_rxn^0 | -1040 kJ/mol - -770.4 kJ/mol = -269.6 kJ/mol (exothermic) | |

| oxygen | manganese monoxide | manganese dioxide molecular free energy | 231.7 kJ/mol | -362.9 kJ/mol | -465.1 kJ/mol total free energy | 231.7 kJ/mol | -725.8 kJ/mol | -930.2 kJ/mol | G_initial = -494.1 kJ/mol | | G_final = -930.2 kJ/mol ΔG_rxn^0 | -930.2 kJ/mol - -494.1 kJ/mol = -436.1 kJ/mol (exergonic) | |

| oxygen | manganese monoxide | manganese dioxide molecular entropy | 205 J/(mol K) | 60 J/(mol K) | 53 J/(mol K) total entropy | 205 J/(mol K) | 120 J/(mol K) | 106 J/(mol K) | S_initial = 325 J/(mol K) | | S_final = 106 J/(mol K) ΔS_rxn^0 | 106 J/(mol K) - 325 J/(mol K) = -219 J/(mol K) (exoentropic) | |

Construct the equilibrium constant, K, expression for: O_2 + MnO ⟶ MnO_2 Plan: • Balance the chemical equation. • Determine the stoichiometric numbers. • Assemble the activity expression for each chemical species. • Use the activity expressions to build the equilibrium constant expression. Write the balanced chemical equation: O_2 + 2 MnO ⟶ 2 MnO_2 Assign stoichiometric numbers, ν_i, using the stoichiometric coefficients, c_i, from the balanced chemical equation in the following manner: ν_i = -c_i for reactants and ν_i = c_i for products: chemical species | c_i | ν_i O_2 | 1 | -1 MnO | 2 | -2 MnO_2 | 2 | 2 Assemble the activity expressions accounting for the state of matter and ν_i: chemical species | c_i | ν_i | activity expression O_2 | 1 | -1 | ([O2])^(-1) MnO | 2 | -2 | ([MnO])^(-2) MnO_2 | 2 | 2 | ([MnO2])^2 The equilibrium constant symbol in the concentration basis is: K_c Mulitply the activity expressions to arrive at the K_c expression: Answer: | | K_c = ([O2])^(-1) ([MnO])^(-2) ([MnO2])^2 = ([MnO2])^2/([O2] ([MnO])^2)

Construct the rate of reaction expression for: O_2 + MnO ⟶ MnO_2 Plan: • Balance the chemical equation. • Determine the stoichiometric numbers. • Assemble the rate term for each chemical species. • Write the rate of reaction expression. Write the balanced chemical equation: O_2 + 2 MnO ⟶ 2 MnO_2 Assign stoichiometric numbers, ν_i, using the stoichiometric coefficients, c_i, from the balanced chemical equation in the following manner: ν_i = -c_i for reactants and ν_i = c_i for products: chemical species | c_i | ν_i O_2 | 1 | -1 MnO | 2 | -2 MnO_2 | 2 | 2 The rate term for each chemical species, B_i, is 1/ν_i(Δ[B_i])/(Δt) where [B_i] is the amount concentration and t is time: chemical species | c_i | ν_i | rate term O_2 | 1 | -1 | -(Δ[O2])/(Δt) MnO | 2 | -2 | -1/2 (Δ[MnO])/(Δt) MnO_2 | 2 | 2 | 1/2 (Δ[MnO2])/(Δt) (for infinitesimal rate of change, replace Δ with d) Set the rate terms equal to each other to arrive at the rate expression: Answer: | | rate = -(Δ[O2])/(Δt) = -1/2 (Δ[MnO])/(Δt) = 1/2 (Δ[MnO2])/(Δt) (assuming constant volume and no accumulation of intermediates or side products)

| oxygen | manganese monoxide | manganese dioxide formula | O_2 | MnO | MnO_2 name | oxygen | manganese monoxide | manganese dioxide IUPAC name | molecular oxygen | oxomanganese | dioxomanganese

| oxygen | manganese monoxide | manganese dioxide molar mass | 31.998 g/mol | 70.937 g/mol | 86.936 g/mol phase | gas (at STP) | solid (at STP) | solid (at STP) melting point | -218 °C | 1840 °C | 535 °C boiling point | -183 °C | | density | 0.001429 g/cm^3 (at 0 °C) | 5.45 g/cm^3 | 5.03 g/cm^3 solubility in water | | insoluble | insoluble surface tension | 0.01347 N/m | | dynamic viscosity | 2.055×10^-5 Pa s (at 25 °C) | | odor | odorless | |