H2SO4 + Cu = H2O + CuSO4 + CuS

H_2SO_4 sulfuric acid + Cu copper ⟶ H_2O water + CuSO_4 copper(II) sulfate + CuS cupric sulfide

Balance the chemical equation algebraically: H_2SO_4 + Cu ⟶ H_2O + CuSO_4 + CuS Add stoichiometric coefficients, c_i, to the reactants and products: c_1 H_2SO_4 + c_2 Cu ⟶ c_3 H_2O + c_4 CuSO_4 + c_5 CuS Set the number of atoms in the reactants equal to the number of atoms in the products for H, O, S and Cu: H: | 2 c_1 = 2 c_3 O: | 4 c_1 = c_3 + 4 c_4 S: | c_1 = c_4 + c_5 Cu: | c_2 = c_4 + c_5 Since the coefficients are relative quantities and underdetermined, choose a coefficient to set arbitrarily. To keep the coefficients small, the arbitrary value is ordinarily one. For instance, set c_5 = 1 and solve the system of equations for the remaining coefficients: c_1 = 4 c_2 = 4 c_3 = 4 c_4 = 3 c_5 = 1 Substitute the coefficients into the chemical reaction to obtain the balanced equation: Answer: | | 4 H_2SO_4 + 4 Cu ⟶ 4 H_2O + 3 CuSO_4 + CuS

+ ⟶ + +

sulfuric acid + copper ⟶ water + copper(II) sulfate + cupric sulfide

| sulfuric acid | copper | water | copper(II) sulfate | cupric sulfide molecular enthalpy | -814 kJ/mol | 0 kJ/mol | -285.8 kJ/mol | -771.4 kJ/mol | -53.1 kJ/mol total enthalpy | -3256 kJ/mol | 0 kJ/mol | -1143 kJ/mol | -2314 kJ/mol | -53.1 kJ/mol | H_initial = -3256 kJ/mol | | H_final = -3511 kJ/mol | | ΔH_rxn^0 | -3511 kJ/mol - -3256 kJ/mol = -254.6 kJ/mol (exothermic) | | | |

Construct the equilibrium constant, K, expression for: H_2SO_4 + Cu ⟶ H_2O + CuSO_4 + CuS Plan: • Balance the chemical equation. • Determine the stoichiometric numbers. • Assemble the activity expression for each chemical species. • Use the activity expressions to build the equilibrium constant expression. Write the balanced chemical equation: 4 H_2SO_4 + 4 Cu ⟶ 4 H_2O + 3 CuSO_4 + CuS Assign stoichiometric numbers, ν_i, using the stoichiometric coefficients, c_i, from the balanced chemical equation in the following manner: ν_i = -c_i for reactants and ν_i = c_i for products: chemical species | c_i | ν_i H_2SO_4 | 4 | -4 Cu | 4 | -4 H_2O | 4 | 4 CuSO_4 | 3 | 3 CuS | 1 | 1 Assemble the activity expressions accounting for the state of matter and ν_i: chemical species | c_i | ν_i | activity expression H_2SO_4 | 4 | -4 | ([H2SO4])^(-4) Cu | 4 | -4 | ([Cu])^(-4) H_2O | 4 | 4 | ([H2O])^4 CuSO_4 | 3 | 3 | ([CuSO4])^3 CuS | 1 | 1 | [CuS] The equilibrium constant symbol in the concentration basis is: K_c Mulitply the activity expressions to arrive at the K_c expression: Answer: | | K_c = ([H2SO4])^(-4) ([Cu])^(-4) ([H2O])^4 ([CuSO4])^3 [CuS] = (([H2O])^4 ([CuSO4])^3 [CuS])/(([H2SO4])^4 ([Cu])^4)

Construct the rate of reaction expression for: H_2SO_4 + Cu ⟶ H_2O + CuSO_4 + CuS Plan: • Balance the chemical equation. • Determine the stoichiometric numbers. • Assemble the rate term for each chemical species. • Write the rate of reaction expression. Write the balanced chemical equation: 4 H_2SO_4 + 4 Cu ⟶ 4 H_2O + 3 CuSO_4 + CuS Assign stoichiometric numbers, ν_i, using the stoichiometric coefficients, c_i, from the balanced chemical equation in the following manner: ν_i = -c_i for reactants and ν_i = c_i for products: chemical species | c_i | ν_i H_2SO_4 | 4 | -4 Cu | 4 | -4 H_2O | 4 | 4 CuSO_4 | 3 | 3 CuS | 1 | 1 The rate term for each chemical species, B_i, is 1/ν_i(Δ[B_i])/(Δt) where [B_i] is the amount concentration and t is time: chemical species | c_i | ν_i | rate term H_2SO_4 | 4 | -4 | -1/4 (Δ[H2SO4])/(Δt) Cu | 4 | -4 | -1/4 (Δ[Cu])/(Δt) H_2O | 4 | 4 | 1/4 (Δ[H2O])/(Δt) CuSO_4 | 3 | 3 | 1/3 (Δ[CuSO4])/(Δt) CuS | 1 | 1 | (Δ[CuS])/(Δt) (for infinitesimal rate of change, replace Δ with d) Set the rate terms equal to each other to arrive at the rate expression: Answer: | | rate = -1/4 (Δ[H2SO4])/(Δt) = -1/4 (Δ[Cu])/(Δt) = 1/4 (Δ[H2O])/(Δt) = 1/3 (Δ[CuSO4])/(Δt) = (Δ[CuS])/(Δt) (assuming constant volume and no accumulation of intermediates or side products)

| sulfuric acid | copper | water | copper(II) sulfate | cupric sulfide formula | H_2SO_4 | Cu | H_2O | CuSO_4 | CuS Hill formula | H_2O_4S | Cu | H_2O | CuO_4S | CuS name | sulfuric acid | copper | water | copper(II) sulfate | cupric sulfide IUPAC name | sulfuric acid | copper | water | copper sulfate |