Input interpretation
![calcium (chemical element) | potassium (chemical element) | niobium (chemical element)](../image_source/3f8fa1a7d56166ab8a86e251dcd851e1.png)
calcium (chemical element) | potassium (chemical element) | niobium (chemical element)
Periodic table location
![Periodic table location](../image_source/a86b2842a5121cd7459fbc45fe64dc4d.png)
Periodic table location
Images
![Images](../image_source/929ee7ab4581530919b3d70a452b4f36.png)
Images
Basic elemental properties
![| calcium | potassium | niobium atomic symbol | Ca | K | Nb atomic number | 20 | 19 | 41 short electronic configuration | [Ar]4s^2 | [Ar]4s^1 | [Kr]5s^14d^4 Aufbau diagram | 4s | 4s | 4d 5s block | s | s | d group | 2 | 1 | 5 period | 4 | 4 | 5 atomic mass | 40.078 u | 39.0983 u | 92.90637 u half-life | (stable) | (stable) | (stable)](../image_source/f6f0dfd31f764175acdefd66b7cff07a.png)
| calcium | potassium | niobium atomic symbol | Ca | K | Nb atomic number | 20 | 19 | 41 short electronic configuration | [Ar]4s^2 | [Ar]4s^1 | [Kr]5s^14d^4 Aufbau diagram | 4s | 4s | 4d 5s block | s | s | d group | 2 | 1 | 5 period | 4 | 4 | 5 atomic mass | 40.078 u | 39.0983 u | 92.90637 u half-life | (stable) | (stable) | (stable)
Thermodynamic properties
![| calcium | potassium | niobium phase at STP | solid | solid | solid melting point | 842 °C | 63.38 °C | 2477 °C boiling point | 1484 °C | 759 °C | 4744 °C critical temperature | | 2223 K | critical pressure | | 16 MPa | molar heat of fusion | 8.54 kJ/mol | 2.33 kJ/mol | 26.8 kJ/mol molar heat of vaporization | 155 kJ/mol | 76.9 kJ/mol | 690 kJ/mol specific heat at STP | 631 J/(kg K) | 757 J/(kg K) | 265 J/(kg K) (properties at standard conditions)](../image_source/174ab58970eaa5d2f04fc86b59d67321.png)
| calcium | potassium | niobium phase at STP | solid | solid | solid melting point | 842 °C | 63.38 °C | 2477 °C boiling point | 1484 °C | 759 °C | 4744 °C critical temperature | | 2223 K | critical pressure | | 16 MPa | molar heat of fusion | 8.54 kJ/mol | 2.33 kJ/mol | 26.8 kJ/mol molar heat of vaporization | 155 kJ/mol | 76.9 kJ/mol | 690 kJ/mol specific heat at STP | 631 J/(kg K) | 757 J/(kg K) | 265 J/(kg K) (properties at standard conditions)
Material properties
![| calcium | potassium | niobium density | 1.55 g/cm^3 | 0.856 g/cm^3 | 8.57 g/cm^3 liquid density | 1.378 g/cm^3 | 0.828 g/cm^3 | molar volume | 25.86 cm^3/mol | 45.7 cm^3/mol | 10.84 cm^3/mol Mohs hardness | 1.75 (between gypsum and talc) | 0.4 (between talc and gypsum) | 6 (≈ microcline) Vickers hardness | | | 1320 MPa Brinell hardness | 167 MPa | 0.363 MPa | 736 MPa bulk modulus | 17 GPa | 3.1 GPa | 170 GPa shear modulus | 7.4 GPa | 1.3 GPa | 38 GPa Young's modulus | 20 GPa | | 105 GPa Poisson ratio | 0.31 | | 0.4 sound speed | 3810 m/s | 2000 m/s | 3480 m/s thermal expansion | 2.23×10^-5 K^(-1) | | 7.3×10^-6 K^(-1) thermal conductivity | 200 W/(m K) | 100 W/(m K) | 54 W/(m K) (properties at standard conditions)](../image_source/6996884aaaf43392bdb4624bee0018c0.png)
| calcium | potassium | niobium density | 1.55 g/cm^3 | 0.856 g/cm^3 | 8.57 g/cm^3 liquid density | 1.378 g/cm^3 | 0.828 g/cm^3 | molar volume | 25.86 cm^3/mol | 45.7 cm^3/mol | 10.84 cm^3/mol Mohs hardness | 1.75 (between gypsum and talc) | 0.4 (between talc and gypsum) | 6 (≈ microcline) Vickers hardness | | | 1320 MPa Brinell hardness | 167 MPa | 0.363 MPa | 736 MPa bulk modulus | 17 GPa | 3.1 GPa | 170 GPa shear modulus | 7.4 GPa | 1.3 GPa | 38 GPa Young's modulus | 20 GPa | | 105 GPa Poisson ratio | 0.31 | | 0.4 sound speed | 3810 m/s | 2000 m/s | 3480 m/s thermal expansion | 2.23×10^-5 K^(-1) | | 7.3×10^-6 K^(-1) thermal conductivity | 200 W/(m K) | 100 W/(m K) | 54 W/(m K) (properties at standard conditions)
Electromagnetic properties
![| calcium | potassium | niobium electrical type | conductor | conductor | conductor resistivity | 3.4×10^-8 Ω m (ohm meters) | 7×10^-8 Ω m (ohm meters) | 1.5×10^-7 Ω m (ohm meters) electrical conductivity | 2.9×10^7 S/m (siemens per meter) | 1.4×10^7 S/m (siemens per meter) | 6.7×10^6 S/m (siemens per meter) magnetic type | paramagnetic | paramagnetic | paramagnetic volume magnetic susceptibility | 2.139×10^-5 | 5.74×10^-6 | 2.37×10^-4 mass magnetic susceptibility | 1.38×10^-8 m^3/kg (cubic meters per kilogram) | 6.7×10^-9 m^3/kg (cubic meters per kilogram) | 2.76×10^-8 m^3/kg (cubic meters per kilogram) molar magnetic susceptibility | 5.531×10^-10 m^3/mol (cubic meters per mole) | 2.62×10^-10 m^3/mol (cubic meters per mole) | 2.56×10^-9 m^3/mol (cubic meters per mole) work function | 2.87 eV (Polycrystalline) | 2.29 eV (Polycrystalline) | (3.95 to 4.87) eV threshold frequency | 6.94×10^14 Hz (hertz) | 5.537×10^14 Hz (hertz) | (9.551×10^14 to 1.178×10^15) Hz (hertz) superconducting point | | | 9.25 K (kelvins) color | (silver) | (silver) | (gray)](../image_source/5d78c3734be4d43ad31973a697291012.png)
| calcium | potassium | niobium electrical type | conductor | conductor | conductor resistivity | 3.4×10^-8 Ω m (ohm meters) | 7×10^-8 Ω m (ohm meters) | 1.5×10^-7 Ω m (ohm meters) electrical conductivity | 2.9×10^7 S/m (siemens per meter) | 1.4×10^7 S/m (siemens per meter) | 6.7×10^6 S/m (siemens per meter) magnetic type | paramagnetic | paramagnetic | paramagnetic volume magnetic susceptibility | 2.139×10^-5 | 5.74×10^-6 | 2.37×10^-4 mass magnetic susceptibility | 1.38×10^-8 m^3/kg (cubic meters per kilogram) | 6.7×10^-9 m^3/kg (cubic meters per kilogram) | 2.76×10^-8 m^3/kg (cubic meters per kilogram) molar magnetic susceptibility | 5.531×10^-10 m^3/mol (cubic meters per mole) | 2.62×10^-10 m^3/mol (cubic meters per mole) | 2.56×10^-9 m^3/mol (cubic meters per mole) work function | 2.87 eV (Polycrystalline) | 2.29 eV (Polycrystalline) | (3.95 to 4.87) eV threshold frequency | 6.94×10^14 Hz (hertz) | 5.537×10^14 Hz (hertz) | (9.551×10^14 to 1.178×10^15) Hz (hertz) superconducting point | | | 9.25 K (kelvins) color | (silver) | (silver) | (gray)
Reactivity
![| calcium | potassium | niobium valence | 2 | 1 | 5 electronegativity | 1 | 0.82 | 1.6 electron affinity | 2.37 kJ/mol (kilojoules per mole) | 48.4 kJ/mol (kilojoules per mole) | 86.1 kJ/mol (kilojoules per mole) first ionization energy | 589.8 kJ/mol (kilojoules per mole) | 418.8 kJ/mol (kilojoules per mole) | 652.1 kJ/mol (kilojoules per mole) ionization energies | 589.8 kJ/mol | 1145.4 kJ/mol | 4912.4 kJ/mol | 6491 kJ/mol | 8153 kJ/mol | 10496 kJ/mol | 12270 kJ/mol | 14206 kJ/mol | 18191 kJ/mol | 20385 kJ/mol | 57110 kJ/mol | 418.8 kJ/mol | 3052 kJ/mol | 4420 kJ/mol | 5877 kJ/mol | 7975 kJ/mol | 9590 kJ/mol | 11343 kJ/mol | 14944 kJ/mol | 16963.7 kJ/mol | 48610 kJ/mol | 652.1 kJ/mol | 1380 kJ/mol | 2416 kJ/mol | 3700 kJ/mol | 4877 kJ/mol | 9847 kJ/mol | 12100 kJ/mol](../image_source/4c9a62ee75a9e399cfb06875e1b11b42.png)
| calcium | potassium | niobium valence | 2 | 1 | 5 electronegativity | 1 | 0.82 | 1.6 electron affinity | 2.37 kJ/mol (kilojoules per mole) | 48.4 kJ/mol (kilojoules per mole) | 86.1 kJ/mol (kilojoules per mole) first ionization energy | 589.8 kJ/mol (kilojoules per mole) | 418.8 kJ/mol (kilojoules per mole) | 652.1 kJ/mol (kilojoules per mole) ionization energies | 589.8 kJ/mol | 1145.4 kJ/mol | 4912.4 kJ/mol | 6491 kJ/mol | 8153 kJ/mol | 10496 kJ/mol | 12270 kJ/mol | 14206 kJ/mol | 18191 kJ/mol | 20385 kJ/mol | 57110 kJ/mol | 418.8 kJ/mol | 3052 kJ/mol | 4420 kJ/mol | 5877 kJ/mol | 7975 kJ/mol | 9590 kJ/mol | 11343 kJ/mol | 14944 kJ/mol | 16963.7 kJ/mol | 48610 kJ/mol | 652.1 kJ/mol | 1380 kJ/mol | 2416 kJ/mol | 3700 kJ/mol | 4877 kJ/mol | 9847 kJ/mol | 12100 kJ/mol
![Reactivity](../image_source/4416d01acc0eef74e55b0aba8b73959d.png)
Reactivity
Atomic properties
![| calcium | potassium | niobium term symbol | ^1S_0 | ^2S_(1/2) | ^6D_(1/2) atomic radius | 180 pm | 220 pm | 145 pm covalent radius | 176 pm | 203 pm | 164 pm van der Waals radius | | 275 pm | (electronic ground state properties)](../image_source/77adf1cdec15e61dc895a5a9994d8885.png)
| calcium | potassium | niobium term symbol | ^1S_0 | ^2S_(1/2) | ^6D_(1/2) atomic radius | 180 pm | 220 pm | 145 pm covalent radius | 176 pm | 203 pm | 164 pm van der Waals radius | | 275 pm | (electronic ground state properties)
Abundances
![| calcium | potassium | niobium universe abundance | 0.007 mass% | 3×10^-4 mass% | 2×10^-7 mass% solar abundance | 0.007 mass% | 4×10^-4 mass% | 4×10^-7 mass% meteorite abundance | 1.1 mass% | 0.07 mass% | 1.9×10^-5 mass% crust abundance | 5 mass% | 1.5 mass% | 0.0017 mass% ocean abundance | 4.2×10^-4 mass% | 0.042 mass% | 1×10^-10 mass% human abundance | 1.4 mass% | 0.2 mass% | universe molar abundance | 2×10^-4 mol% | 1×10^-5 mol% | 0 mol% solar molar abundance | 2×10^-4 mol% | 9.9×10^-6 mol% | 5×10^-9 mol% meteorite molar abundance | 0.52 mol% | 0.037 mol% | 3×10^-6 mol% ocean molar abundance | 6.5×10^-5 mol% | 0.0066 mol% | 6.7×10^-12 mol% crust molar abundance | 2.6 mol% | 0.78 mol% | 3.7×10^-4 mol% human molar abundance | 0.22 mol% | 0.032 mol% |](../image_source/061f4c6b27bd58a5eb70d3e2308893d6.png)
| calcium | potassium | niobium universe abundance | 0.007 mass% | 3×10^-4 mass% | 2×10^-7 mass% solar abundance | 0.007 mass% | 4×10^-4 mass% | 4×10^-7 mass% meteorite abundance | 1.1 mass% | 0.07 mass% | 1.9×10^-5 mass% crust abundance | 5 mass% | 1.5 mass% | 0.0017 mass% ocean abundance | 4.2×10^-4 mass% | 0.042 mass% | 1×10^-10 mass% human abundance | 1.4 mass% | 0.2 mass% | universe molar abundance | 2×10^-4 mol% | 1×10^-5 mol% | 0 mol% solar molar abundance | 2×10^-4 mol% | 9.9×10^-6 mol% | 5×10^-9 mol% meteorite molar abundance | 0.52 mol% | 0.037 mol% | 3×10^-6 mol% ocean molar abundance | 6.5×10^-5 mol% | 0.0066 mol% | 6.7×10^-12 mol% crust molar abundance | 2.6 mol% | 0.78 mol% | 3.7×10^-4 mol% human molar abundance | 0.22 mol% | 0.032 mol% |