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sulfur vs selenium vs praseodymium

Input interpretation

sulfur (chemical element) | selenium (chemical element) | praseodymium (chemical element)
sulfur (chemical element) | selenium (chemical element) | praseodymium (chemical element)

Periodic table location

Periodic table location
Periodic table location

Images

Images
Images

Basic elemental properties

| sulfur | selenium | praseodymium atomic symbol | S | Se | Pr atomic number | 16 | 34 | 59 short electronic configuration | [Ne]3s^23p^4 | [Ar]4s^23d^104p^4 | [Xe]6s^24f^3 Aufbau diagram | 3p 3s | 4p 3d 4s | 4f 6s block | p | p | f group | 16 | 16 | period | 3 | 4 | 6 atomic mass | 32.06 u | 78.971 u | 140.90766 u half-life | (stable) | (stable) | (stable)
| sulfur | selenium | praseodymium atomic symbol | S | Se | Pr atomic number | 16 | 34 | 59 short electronic configuration | [Ne]3s^23p^4 | [Ar]4s^23d^104p^4 | [Xe]6s^24f^3 Aufbau diagram | 3p 3s | 4p 3d 4s | 4f 6s block | p | p | f group | 16 | 16 | period | 3 | 4 | 6 atomic mass | 32.06 u | 78.971 u | 140.90766 u half-life | (stable) | (stable) | (stable)

Thermodynamic properties

| sulfur | selenium | praseodymium phase at STP | solid | solid | solid melting point | 115.21 °C | 221 °C | 931 °C boiling point | 444.72 °C | 685 °C | 3290 °C critical temperature | 1314 K | 1766 K | critical pressure | 20.7 MPa | 27.2 MPa | molar heat of fusion | 1.73 kJ/mol | 5.4 kJ/mol | 6.9 kJ/mol molar heat of vaporization | 9.8 kJ/mol | 26 kJ/mol | 330 kJ/mol specific heat at STP | 705 J/(kg K) | 321.2 J/(kg K) | 193 J/(kg K) (properties at standard conditions)
| sulfur | selenium | praseodymium phase at STP | solid | solid | solid melting point | 115.21 °C | 221 °C | 931 °C boiling point | 444.72 °C | 685 °C | 3290 °C critical temperature | 1314 K | 1766 K | critical pressure | 20.7 MPa | 27.2 MPa | molar heat of fusion | 1.73 kJ/mol | 5.4 kJ/mol | 6.9 kJ/mol molar heat of vaporization | 9.8 kJ/mol | 26 kJ/mol | 330 kJ/mol specific heat at STP | 705 J/(kg K) | 321.2 J/(kg K) | 193 J/(kg K) (properties at standard conditions)

Material properties

| sulfur | selenium | praseodymium density | 1.96 g/cm^3 | 4.819 g/cm^3 | 6.64 g/cm^3 liquid density | 1.819 g/cm^3 | 3.99 g/cm^3 | 6.5 g/cm^3 molar volume | 16.36 cm^3/mol | 16.39 cm^3/mol | 21.22 cm^3/mol Mohs hardness | 2 (≈ gypsum) | 2 (≈ gypsum) | 1.4 (between talc and gypsum) Vickers hardness | | | 400 MPa Brinell hardness | | 736 MPa | 481 MPa bulk modulus | 7.7 GPa | 8.3 GPa | 29 GPa shear modulus | | 3.7 GPa | 15 GPa Young's modulus | | 10 GPa | 37 GPa Poisson ratio | | 0.33 | 0.28 tensile yield strength | | | 100 MPa ultimate tensile strength | | | 110 MPa refractive index | 1.001111 | 1.000895 | sound speed | | 3350 m/s | 2280 m/s thermal expansion | | | 6.7×10^-6 K^(-1) thermal conductivity | 0.205 W/(m K) | 0.52 W/(m K) | 13 W/(m K) (properties at standard conditions)
| sulfur | selenium | praseodymium density | 1.96 g/cm^3 | 4.819 g/cm^3 | 6.64 g/cm^3 liquid density | 1.819 g/cm^3 | 3.99 g/cm^3 | 6.5 g/cm^3 molar volume | 16.36 cm^3/mol | 16.39 cm^3/mol | 21.22 cm^3/mol Mohs hardness | 2 (≈ gypsum) | 2 (≈ gypsum) | 1.4 (between talc and gypsum) Vickers hardness | | | 400 MPa Brinell hardness | | 736 MPa | 481 MPa bulk modulus | 7.7 GPa | 8.3 GPa | 29 GPa shear modulus | | 3.7 GPa | 15 GPa Young's modulus | | 10 GPa | 37 GPa Poisson ratio | | 0.33 | 0.28 tensile yield strength | | | 100 MPa ultimate tensile strength | | | 110 MPa refractive index | 1.001111 | 1.000895 | sound speed | | 3350 m/s | 2280 m/s thermal expansion | | | 6.7×10^-6 K^(-1) thermal conductivity | 0.205 W/(m K) | 0.52 W/(m K) | 13 W/(m K) (properties at standard conditions)

Electromagnetic properties

| sulfur | selenium | praseodymium electrical type | insulator | | conductor resistivity | 1×10^15 Ω m (ohm meters) | | 7×10^-7 Ω m (ohm meters) electrical conductivity | 1×10^-15 S/m (siemens per meter) | | 1.4×10^6 S/m (siemens per meter) magnetic type | diamagnetic | diamagnetic | paramagnetic volume magnetic susceptibility | -1.22×10^-5 | -1.93×10^-5 | 0.0028087 mass magnetic susceptibility | -6.2×10^-9 m^3/kg (cubic meters per kilogram) | -4×10^-9 m^3/kg (cubic meters per kilogram) | 4.23×10^-7 m^3/kg (cubic meters per kilogram) molar magnetic susceptibility | -1.99×10^-10 m^3/mol (cubic meters per mole) | -3.16×10^-10 m^3/mol (cubic meters per mole) | 5.9604×10^-8 m^3/mol (cubic meters per mole) work function | | 5.9 eV (Polycrystalline) | threshold frequency | | 1.427×10^15 Hz (hertz) | color | (yellow) | (gray) | (silver) refractive index | 1.001111 | 1.000895 |
| sulfur | selenium | praseodymium electrical type | insulator | | conductor resistivity | 1×10^15 Ω m (ohm meters) | | 7×10^-7 Ω m (ohm meters) electrical conductivity | 1×10^-15 S/m (siemens per meter) | | 1.4×10^6 S/m (siemens per meter) magnetic type | diamagnetic | diamagnetic | paramagnetic volume magnetic susceptibility | -1.22×10^-5 | -1.93×10^-5 | 0.0028087 mass magnetic susceptibility | -6.2×10^-9 m^3/kg (cubic meters per kilogram) | -4×10^-9 m^3/kg (cubic meters per kilogram) | 4.23×10^-7 m^3/kg (cubic meters per kilogram) molar magnetic susceptibility | -1.99×10^-10 m^3/mol (cubic meters per mole) | -3.16×10^-10 m^3/mol (cubic meters per mole) | 5.9604×10^-8 m^3/mol (cubic meters per mole) work function | | 5.9 eV (Polycrystalline) | threshold frequency | | 1.427×10^15 Hz (hertz) | color | (yellow) | (gray) | (silver) refractive index | 1.001111 | 1.000895 |

Reactivity

| sulfur | selenium | praseodymium valence | 6 | 6 | 4 electronegativity | 2.58 | 2.55 | 1.13 electron affinity | 200 kJ/mol (kilojoules per mole) | 195 kJ/mol (kilojoules per mole) | 50 kJ/mol (kilojoules per mole) first ionization energy | 999.6 kJ/mol (kilojoules per mole) | 941 kJ/mol (kilojoules per mole) | 527 kJ/mol (kilojoules per mole) ionization energies | 999.6 kJ/mol | 2252 kJ/mol | 3357 kJ/mol | 4556 kJ/mol | 7004.3 kJ/mol | 8495.8 kJ/mol | 27107 kJ/mol | 31719 kJ/mol | 36621 kJ/mol | 43177 kJ/mol | 941 kJ/mol | 2045 kJ/mol | 2973.7 kJ/mol | 4144 kJ/mol | 6590 kJ/mol | 7880 kJ/mol | 14990 kJ/mol | 527 kJ/mol | 1020 kJ/mol | 2086 kJ/mol | 3761 kJ/mol | 5551 kJ/mol
| sulfur | selenium | praseodymium valence | 6 | 6 | 4 electronegativity | 2.58 | 2.55 | 1.13 electron affinity | 200 kJ/mol (kilojoules per mole) | 195 kJ/mol (kilojoules per mole) | 50 kJ/mol (kilojoules per mole) first ionization energy | 999.6 kJ/mol (kilojoules per mole) | 941 kJ/mol (kilojoules per mole) | 527 kJ/mol (kilojoules per mole) ionization energies | 999.6 kJ/mol | 2252 kJ/mol | 3357 kJ/mol | 4556 kJ/mol | 7004.3 kJ/mol | 8495.8 kJ/mol | 27107 kJ/mol | 31719 kJ/mol | 36621 kJ/mol | 43177 kJ/mol | 941 kJ/mol | 2045 kJ/mol | 2973.7 kJ/mol | 4144 kJ/mol | 6590 kJ/mol | 7880 kJ/mol | 14990 kJ/mol | 527 kJ/mol | 1020 kJ/mol | 2086 kJ/mol | 3761 kJ/mol | 5551 kJ/mol
Reactivity
Reactivity

Atomic properties

| sulfur | selenium | praseodymium term symbol | ^3P_2 | ^3P_2 | ^4I_(9/2) atomic radius | 100 pm | 115 pm | 185 pm covalent radius | 105 pm | 120 pm | 203 pm van der Waals radius | 180 pm | 190 pm | (electronic ground state properties)
| sulfur | selenium | praseodymium term symbol | ^3P_2 | ^3P_2 | ^4I_(9/2) atomic radius | 100 pm | 115 pm | 185 pm covalent radius | 105 pm | 120 pm | 203 pm van der Waals radius | 180 pm | 190 pm | (electronic ground state properties)

Abundances

| sulfur | selenium | praseodymium universe abundance | 0.05 mass% | 3×10^-6 mass% | 2×10^-7 mass% solar abundance | 0.04 mass% | | 1×10^-7 mass% meteorite abundance | 4 mass% | 0.0013 mass% | 9.8×10^-6 mass% crust abundance | 0.042 mass% | 5×10^-6 mass% | 8.6×10^-4 mass% ocean abundance | 0.093 mass% | 4.5×10^-8 mass% | 6×10^-11 mass% human abundance | 0.2 mass% | 5×10^-6 mass% | universe molar abundance | 0.002 mol% | 5×10^-8 mol% | 2×10^-9 mol% solar molar abundance | 9.9×10^-4 mol% | | 5×10^-10 mol% meteorite molar abundance | 2.2 mol% | 2.9×10^-4 mol% | 1×10^-6 mol% ocean molar abundance | 0.018 mol% | 3.5×10^-9 mol% | 2.6×10^-12 mol% crust molar abundance | 0.027 mol% | 9.9×10^-7 mol% | 1.3×10^-4 mol% human molar abundance | 0.039 mol% | 4×10^-7 mol% |
| sulfur | selenium | praseodymium universe abundance | 0.05 mass% | 3×10^-6 mass% | 2×10^-7 mass% solar abundance | 0.04 mass% | | 1×10^-7 mass% meteorite abundance | 4 mass% | 0.0013 mass% | 9.8×10^-6 mass% crust abundance | 0.042 mass% | 5×10^-6 mass% | 8.6×10^-4 mass% ocean abundance | 0.093 mass% | 4.5×10^-8 mass% | 6×10^-11 mass% human abundance | 0.2 mass% | 5×10^-6 mass% | universe molar abundance | 0.002 mol% | 5×10^-8 mol% | 2×10^-9 mol% solar molar abundance | 9.9×10^-4 mol% | | 5×10^-10 mol% meteorite molar abundance | 2.2 mol% | 2.9×10^-4 mol% | 1×10^-6 mol% ocean molar abundance | 0.018 mol% | 3.5×10^-9 mol% | 2.6×10^-12 mol% crust molar abundance | 0.027 mol% | 9.9×10^-7 mol% | 1.3×10^-4 mol% human molar abundance | 0.039 mol% | 4×10^-7 mol% |

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