ZnSO4 + Li2CO3 = Li2SO4 + ZnCO3

ZnSO_4 zinc sulfate + Li_2CO_3 lithium carbonate ⟶ Li_2SO_4 lithium sulfate + ZnCO_3 zinc carbonate

Balance the chemical equation algebraically: ZnSO_4 + Li_2CO_3 ⟶ Li_2SO_4 + ZnCO_3 Add stoichiometric coefficients, c_i, to the reactants and products: c_1 ZnSO_4 + c_2 Li_2CO_3 ⟶ c_3 Li_2SO_4 + c_4 ZnCO_3 Set the number of atoms in the reactants equal to the number of atoms in the products for O, S, Zn, C and Li: O: | 4 c_1 + 3 c_2 = 4 c_3 + 3 c_4 S: | c_1 = c_3 Zn: | c_1 = c_4 C: | c_2 = c_4 Li: | 2 c_2 = 2 c_3 Since the coefficients are relative quantities and underdetermined, choose a coefficient to set arbitrarily. To keep the coefficients small, the arbitrary value is ordinarily one. For instance, set c_1 = 1 and solve the system of equations for the remaining coefficients: c_1 = 1 c_2 = 1 c_3 = 1 c_4 = 1 Substitute the coefficients into the chemical reaction to obtain the balanced equation: Answer: | | ZnSO_4 + Li_2CO_3 ⟶ Li_2SO_4 + ZnCO_3

+ ⟶ +

zinc sulfate + lithium carbonate ⟶ lithium sulfate + zinc carbonate

Construct the equilibrium constant, K, expression for: ZnSO_4 + Li_2CO_3 ⟶ Li_2SO_4 + ZnCO_3 Plan: • Balance the chemical equation. • Determine the stoichiometric numbers. • Assemble the activity expression for each chemical species. • Use the activity expressions to build the equilibrium constant expression. Write the balanced chemical equation: ZnSO_4 + Li_2CO_3 ⟶ Li_2SO_4 + ZnCO_3 Assign stoichiometric numbers, ν_i, using the stoichiometric coefficients, c_i, from the balanced chemical equation in the following manner: ν_i = -c_i for reactants and ν_i = c_i for products: chemical species | c_i | ν_i ZnSO_4 | 1 | -1 Li_2CO_3 | 1 | -1 Li_2SO_4 | 1 | 1 ZnCO_3 | 1 | 1 Assemble the activity expressions accounting for the state of matter and ν_i: chemical species | c_i | ν_i | activity expression ZnSO_4 | 1 | -1 | ([ZnSO4])^(-1) Li_2CO_3 | 1 | -1 | ([Li2CO3])^(-1) Li_2SO_4 | 1 | 1 | [Li2SO4] ZnCO_3 | 1 | 1 | [ZnCO3] The equilibrium constant symbol in the concentration basis is: K_c Mulitply the activity expressions to arrive at the K_c expression: Answer: | | K_c = ([ZnSO4])^(-1) ([Li2CO3])^(-1) [Li2SO4] [ZnCO3] = ([Li2SO4] [ZnCO3])/([ZnSO4] [Li2CO3])

Construct the rate of reaction expression for: ZnSO_4 + Li_2CO_3 ⟶ Li_2SO_4 + ZnCO_3 Plan: • Balance the chemical equation. • Determine the stoichiometric numbers. • Assemble the rate term for each chemical species. • Write the rate of reaction expression. Write the balanced chemical equation: ZnSO_4 + Li_2CO_3 ⟶ Li_2SO_4 + ZnCO_3 Assign stoichiometric numbers, ν_i, using the stoichiometric coefficients, c_i, from the balanced chemical equation in the following manner: ν_i = -c_i for reactants and ν_i = c_i for products: chemical species | c_i | ν_i ZnSO_4 | 1 | -1 Li_2CO_3 | 1 | -1 Li_2SO_4 | 1 | 1 ZnCO_3 | 1 | 1 The rate term for each chemical species, B_i, is 1/ν_i(Δ[B_i])/(Δt) where [B_i] is the amount concentration and t is time: chemical species | c_i | ν_i | rate term ZnSO_4 | 1 | -1 | -(Δ[ZnSO4])/(Δt) Li_2CO_3 | 1 | -1 | -(Δ[Li2CO3])/(Δt) Li_2SO_4 | 1 | 1 | (Δ[Li2SO4])/(Δt) ZnCO_3 | 1 | 1 | (Δ[ZnCO3])/(Δt) (for infinitesimal rate of change, replace Δ with d) Set the rate terms equal to each other to arrive at the rate expression: Answer: | | rate = -(Δ[ZnSO4])/(Δt) = -(Δ[Li2CO3])/(Δt) = (Δ[Li2SO4])/(Δt) = (Δ[ZnCO3])/(Δt) (assuming constant volume and no accumulation of intermediates or side products)

| zinc sulfate | lithium carbonate | lithium sulfate | zinc carbonate formula | ZnSO_4 | Li_2CO_3 | Li_2SO_4 | ZnCO_3 Hill formula | O_4SZn | CLi_2O_3 | Li_2O_4S | CO_3Zn name | zinc sulfate | lithium carbonate | lithium sulfate | zinc carbonate IUPAC name | zinc sulfate | dilithium carbonate | dilithium sulfate | zinc carbonate

| zinc sulfate | lithium carbonate | lithium sulfate | zinc carbonate molar mass | 161.4 g/mol | 73.9 g/mol | 109.9 g/mol | 125.4 g/mol phase | | solid (at STP) | solid (at STP) | melting point | | 618 °C | 845 °C | boiling point | | | 1377 °C | density | 1.005 g/cm^3 | 2.11 g/cm^3 | 2.22 g/cm^3 | 4.3476 g/cm^3 solubility in water | soluble | | | insoluble odor | odorless | | |