zirconium vs molybdenum vs ruthenium

zirconium (chemical element) | molybdenum (chemical element) | ruthenium (chemical element)

Periodic table location

Images

| zirconium | molybdenum | ruthenium atomic symbol | Zr | Mo | Ru atomic number | 40 | 42 | 44 short electronic configuration | [Kr]5s^24d^2 | [Kr]5s^14d^5 | [Kr]5s^14d^7 Aufbau diagram | 4d 5s | 4d 5s | 4d 5s block | d | d | d group | 4 | 6 | 8 period | 5 | 5 | 5 atomic mass | 91.224 u | 95.95 u | 101.07 u half-life | (stable) | (stable) | (stable)

| zirconium | molybdenum | ruthenium phase at STP | solid | solid | solid melting point | 1855 °C | 2623 °C | 2334 °C boiling point | 4409 °C | 4639 °C | 4150 °C molar heat of fusion | 21 kJ/mol | 36 kJ/mol | 25.7 kJ/mol molar heat of vaporization | 580 kJ/mol | 600 kJ/mol | 580 kJ/mol specific heat at STP | 278 J/(kg K) | 251 J/(kg K) | 238 J/(kg K) (properties at standard conditions)

| zirconium | molybdenum | ruthenium density | 6.511 g/cm^3 | 10.28 g/cm^3 | 12.37 g/cm^3 liquid density | 5.8 g/cm^3 | 9.33 g/cm^3 | 10.65 g/cm^3 molar volume | 14.01 cm^3/mol | 9.33 cm^3/mol | 8.171 cm^3/mol Mohs hardness | 5 (≈ apatite) | 5.5 (between apatite and microcline) | 6.5 (between microcline and quartz) Vickers hardness | 903 MPa | 1530 MPa | 2300 MPa Brinell hardness | 650 MPa | 1500 MPa | 2160 MPa bulk modulus | (unknown) | 230 GPa | 220 GPa shear modulus | 33 GPa | 20 GPa | 173 GPa Young's modulus | 68 GPa | 329 GPa | 447 GPa Poisson ratio | 0.34 | 0.31 | 0.3 tensile yield strength | 230 MPa | | ultimate tensile strength | 330 MPa | | sound speed | 3800 m/s | 6190 m/s | 5970 m/s thermal expansion | 5.7×10^-6 K^(-1) | 4.8×10^-6 K^(-1) | 6.4×10^-6 K^(-1) thermal conductivity | 23 W/(m K) | 139 W/(m K) | 120 W/(m K) (properties at standard conditions)

| zirconium | molybdenum | ruthenium electrical type | conductor | conductor | conductor resistivity | 4.2×10^-7 Ω m (ohm meters) | 5×10^-8 Ω m (ohm meters) | 7.1×10^-8 Ω m (ohm meters) electrical conductivity | 2.4×10^6 S/m (siemens per meter) | 2×10^7 S/m (siemens per meter) | 1.4×10^7 S/m (siemens per meter) magnetic type | paramagnetic | paramagnetic | paramagnetic volume magnetic susceptibility | 1.09×10^-4 | 1.203×10^-4 | 6.7×10^-5 mass magnetic susceptibility | 1.68×10^-8 m^3/kg (cubic meters per kilogram) | 1.17×10^-8 m^3/kg (cubic meters per kilogram) | 5.42×10^-9 m^3/kg (cubic meters per kilogram) molar magnetic susceptibility | 1.53×10^-9 m^3/mol (cubic meters per mole) | 1.122×10^-9 m^3/mol (cubic meters per mole) | 5.48×10^-10 m^3/mol (cubic meters per mole) work function | 4.05 eV (Polycrystalline) | (4.36 to 4.95) eV | 4.71 eV (Polycrystalline) threshold frequency | 9.793×10^14 Hz (hertz) | (1.054×10^15 to 1.197×10^15) Hz (hertz) | 1.139×10^15 Hz (hertz) superconducting point | 0.61 K (kelvins) | 0.915 K (kelvins) | 0.49 K (kelvins) color | (silver) | (gray) | (silver)

| zirconium | molybdenum | ruthenium valence | 4 | 6 | 6 electronegativity | 1.33 | 2.16 | 2.2 electron affinity | 41.1 kJ/mol (kilojoules per mole) | 71.9 kJ/mol (kilojoules per mole) | 101.3 kJ/mol (kilojoules per mole) first ionization energy | 640.1 kJ/mol (kilojoules per mole) | 684.3 kJ/mol (kilojoules per mole) | 710.2 kJ/mol (kilojoules per mole) ionization energies | 640.1 kJ/mol | 1270 kJ/mol | 2218 kJ/mol | 3313 kJ/mol | 7752 kJ/mol | 9500 kJ/mol | 684.3 kJ/mol | 1560 kJ/mol | 2618 kJ/mol | 4480 kJ/mol | 5257 kJ/mol | 6640.8 kJ/mol | 12125 kJ/mol | 13860 kJ/mol | 15835 kJ/mol | 17980 kJ/mol | 20190 kJ/mol | 22219 kJ/mol | 26930 kJ/mol | 29196 kJ/mol | 52490 kJ/mol | 55000 kJ/mol | 61400 kJ/mol | 67700 kJ/mol | 74000 kJ/mol | 80400 kJ/mol | 87000 kJ/mol | 710.2 kJ/mol | 1620 kJ/mol | 2747 kJ/mol

Reactivity

| zirconium | molybdenum | ruthenium term symbol | ^3F_2 | ^7S_3 | ^5F_5 atomic radius | 155 pm | 145 pm | 130 pm covalent radius | 175 pm | 154 pm | 146 pm (electronic ground state properties)

| zirconium | molybdenum | ruthenium universe abundance | 5×10^-6 mass% | 5×10^-7 mass% | 4×10^-7 mass% solar abundance | 4×10^-6 mass% | 9×10^-7 mass% | 5×10^-7 mass% meteorite abundance | 6.6×10^-4 mass% | 1.2×10^-4 mass% | 8.1×10^-5 mass% crust abundance | 0.013 mass% | 1.1×10^-4 mass% | 9.9×10^-8 mass% ocean abundance | 2.6×10^-9 mass% | 1×10^-6 mass% | 7×10^-11 mass% human abundance | 5×10^-6 mass% | 1×10^-5 mass% | universe molar abundance | 7×10^-8 mol% | 1×10^-8 mol% | 5×10^-9 mol% solar molar abundance | 5×10^-8 mol% | 9.9×10^-9 mol% | 6×10^-9 mol% meteorite molar abundance | 1.6×10^-4 mol% | 2.5×10^-5 mol% | 1.6×10^-5 mol% ocean molar abundance | 1.8×10^-10 mol% | 6.4×10^-8 mol% | 4.3×10^-12 mol% crust molar abundance | 0.003 mol% | 2.3×10^-5 mol% | 2×10^-8 mol% human molar abundance | 3×10^-7 mol% | 7×10^-7 mol% |