beryllium vs copper vs thallium

beryllium (chemical element) | copper (chemical element) | thallium (chemical element)

Periodic table location

Images

| beryllium | copper | thallium atomic symbol | Be | Cu | Tl atomic number | 4 | 29 | 81 short electronic configuration | [He]2s^2 | [Ar]4s^13d^10 | [Xe]6s^24f^145d^106p^1 Aufbau diagram | 2s | 3d 4s | 6p 5d 4f 6s block | s | d | p group | 2 | 11 | 13 period | 2 | 4 | 6 atomic mass | 9.0121831 u | 63.546 u | 204.38 u half-life | (stable) | (stable) | (stable)

| beryllium | copper | thallium phase at STP | solid | solid | solid melting point | 1287 °C | 1084.62 °C | 304 °C boiling point | 2470 °C | 2562 °C | 1473 °C molar heat of fusion | 7.95 kJ/mol | 13.1 kJ/mol | 4.2 kJ/mol molar heat of vaporization | 297 kJ/mol | 300 kJ/mol | 165 kJ/mol specific heat at STP | 1820 J/(kg K) | 384.4 J/(kg K) | 129 J/(kg K) (properties at standard conditions)

| beryllium | copper | thallium density | 1.848 g/cm^3 | 8.96 g/cm^3 | 11.85 g/cm^3 liquid density | 1.69 g/cm^3 | 8.02 g/cm^3 | 11.22 g/cm^3 molar volume | 4.877 cm^3/mol | 7.092 cm^3/mol | 17.247 cm^3/mol Mohs hardness | 5.5 (between apatite and microcline) | 3 (≈ calcite) | 1.2 (between talc and gypsum) Vickers hardness | 1670 MPa | 369 MPa | Brinell hardness | 600 MPa | 874 MPa | 26.4 MPa bulk modulus | 130 GPa | 140 GPa | 43 GPa shear modulus | 132 GPa | 48 GPa | 2.8 GPa Young's modulus | 287 GPa | 130 GPa | 8 GPa Poisson ratio | 0.032 | 0.34 | 0.45 tensile yield strength | 240 MPa | | ultimate tensile strength | 370 MPa | | 7 MPa sound speed | 13000 m/s | 3570 m/s | 818 m/s thermal expansion | 1.13×10^-5 K^(-1) | 1.65×10^-5 K^(-1) | 2.99×10^-5 K^(-1) thermal conductivity | 190 W/(m K) | 400 W/(m K) | 46 W/(m K) (properties at standard conditions)

| beryllium | copper | thallium electrical type | conductor | conductor | conductor resistivity | 4×10^-8 Ω m (ohm meters) | 1.7×10^-8 Ω m (ohm meters) | 1.5×10^-7 Ω m (ohm meters) electrical conductivity | 2.5×10^7 S/m (siemens per meter) | 5.9×10^7 S/m (siemens per meter) | 6.7×10^6 S/m (siemens per meter) magnetic type | diamagnetic | diamagnetic | diamagnetic volume magnetic susceptibility | -2.328×10^-5 | -9.63×10^-6 | -3.56×10^-5 mass magnetic susceptibility | -1.26×10^-8 m^3/kg (cubic meters per kilogram) | -1.08×10^-9 m^3/kg (cubic meters per kilogram) | -3×10^-9 m^3/kg (cubic meters per kilogram) molar magnetic susceptibility | -1.136×10^-10 m^3/mol (cubic meters per mole) | -6.86×10^-11 m^3/mol (cubic meters per mole) | -6.13×10^-10 m^3/mol (cubic meters per mole) work function | 4.98 eV (Polycrystalline) | (4.48 to 5.1) eV | 3.84 eV (Polycrystalline) threshold frequency | 1.204×10^15 Hz (hertz) | (1.083×10^15 to 1.233×10^15) Hz (hertz) | 9.285×10^14 Hz (hertz) superconducting point | 0.026 K (kelvins) | | 2.38 K (kelvins) color | (slate gray) | (copper) | (silver)

| beryllium | copper | thallium valence | 2 | 2 | 3 electronegativity | 1.57 | 1.9 | 1.62 electron affinity | 0 kJ/mol (kilojoules per mole) | 118.4 kJ/mol (kilojoules per mole) | 19.2 kJ/mol (kilojoules per mole) first ionization energy | 899.5 kJ/mol (kilojoules per mole) | 745.5 kJ/mol (kilojoules per mole) | 589.4 kJ/mol (kilojoules per mole) ionization energies | 899.5 kJ/mol | 1757.1 kJ/mol | 14848.7 kJ/mol | 21006.6 kJ/mol | 745.5 kJ/mol | 1957.9 kJ/mol | 3555 kJ/mol | 5536 kJ/mol | 7700 kJ/mol | 9900 kJ/mol | 13400 kJ/mol | 16000 kJ/mol | 19200 kJ/mol | 22400 kJ/mol | 25600 kJ/mol | 35600 kJ/mol | 38700 kJ/mol | 42000 kJ/mol | 46700 kJ/mol | 50200 kJ/mol | 53700 kJ/mol | 61100 kJ/mol | 64702 kJ/mol | 163700 kJ/mol | 174100 kJ/mol | 589.4 kJ/mol | 1971 kJ/mol | 2878 kJ/mol

Reactivity

| beryllium | copper | thallium term symbol | ^1S_0 | ^2S_(1/2) | ^2P_(1/2) atomic radius | 105 pm | 135 pm | 190 pm covalent radius | 96 pm | 132 pm | 145 pm van der Waals radius | | 140 pm | 196 pm (electronic ground state properties)

| beryllium | copper | thallium universe abundance | 1×10^-7 mass% | 6×10^-6 mass% | 5×10^-8 mass% solar abundance | 1×10^-8 mass% | 7×10^-5 mass% | 1×10^-7 mass% meteorite abundance | 2.9×10^-6 mass% | 0.011 mass% | 7.8×10^-6 mass% crust abundance | 1.9×10^-4 mass% | 0.0068 mass% | 5.3×10^-5 mass% ocean abundance | 6×10^-11 mass% | 3×10^-7 mass% | 1×10^-10 mass% human abundance | 4×10^-8 mass% | 1×10^-4 mass% | universe molar abundance | 1×10^-8 mol% | 1×10^-7 mol% | 3×10^-10 mol% solar molar abundance | 9.9×10^-10 mol% | 9.9×10^-7 mol% | 9.9×10^-10 mol% meteorite molar abundance | 7×10^-6 mol% | 0.0031 mol% | 6×10^-7 mol% ocean molar abundance | 4.1×10^-11 mol% | 2.9×10^-8 mol% | 3×10^-12 mol% crust molar abundance | 4.3×10^-4 mol% | 0.0022 mol% | 5×10^-6 mol% human molar abundance | 3×10^-8 mol% | 9.9×10^-6 mol% |

| beryllium | copper | thallium half-life | (stable) | (stable) | (stable) stable isotopes | Be-9 (100%) | Cu-63 (69.17%) | Cu-65 (30.83%) | Tl-205 (70.476%) | Tl-203 (29.524%) nuclear spin | Be-5: 1/2^+ | Be-6: 0^+ | Be-7: 3/2^- | Be-8: 0^+ | Be-9: 3/2^- | Be-10: 0^+ | Be-11: 1/2^+ | Be-12: 0^+ | Be-13: 1/2^- | Be-14: 0^+ | Be-16: 0^+ | Cu-52: 3^+ | Cu-53: 3/2^- | Cu-54: 3^+ | Cu-55: 3/2^- | Cu-56: 4^+ | Cu-57: 3/2^- | Cu-58: 1^+ | Cu-59: 3/2^- | Cu-60: 2^+ | Cu-61: 3/2^- | Cu-62: 1^+ | Cu-63: 3/2^- | Cu-64: 1^+ | Cu-65: 3/2^- | Cu-66: 1^+ | Cu-67: 3/2^- | Cu-68: 1^+ | Cu-69: 3/2^- | Cu-70: 6^- | Cu-71: 3/2^- | Cu-72: 1^+ | Cu-73: 3/2^- | Cu-75: 3/2^- | Cu-77: 3/2^- | Cu-79: 3/2^- | Tl-177: 1/2^+ | Tl-179: 1/2^+ | Tl-181: 1/2^+ | Tl-182: 7^+ | Tl-183: 1/2^+ | Tl-184: 2^+ | Tl-185: 1/2^+ | Tl-186: 2^- | Tl-187: 1/2^+ | Tl-188: 2^- | Tl-189: 1/2^+ | Tl-190: 2^- | Tl-191: 1/2^+ | Tl-192: 2^- | Tl-193: 1/2^+ | Tl-194: 2^- | Tl-195: 1/2^+ | Tl-196: 2^- | Tl-197: 1/2^+ | Tl-198: 2^- | Tl-199: 1/2^+ | Tl-200: 2^- | Tl-201: 1/2^+ | Tl-202: 2^- | Tl-203: 1/2^+ | Tl-204: 2^- | Tl-205: 1/2^+ | Tl-206: 0^- | Tl-207: 1/2^+ | Tl-208: 5^+ | Tl-209: 1/2^+ | Tl-210: 5^+ | Tl-211: 1/2^+ | Tl-212: 5^+ unstable isotopes | Be-10 (1.51 Myr) | Be-7 (53.22 days) | Be-11 (13.81 s) | Be-12 (21.5 ms) | Be-14 (4.35 ms) | Be-16 (200 ns) | Be-15 (200 ns) | Be-8 (81.9 as) | Be-6 (5 zs) | Be-13 (2.7 zs) | Cu-67 (61.83 h) | Cu-64 (12.7 h) | Cu-61 (200 min) | Cu-60 (23.67 min) | Cu-62 (9.673 min) | Cu-66 (5.12 min) | Cu-69 (171 s) | Cu-59 (81.5 s) | Cu-70 (44.5 s) | Cu-68 (31.1 s) | Cu-71 (19.5 s) | Cu-72 (6.6 s) | Cu-73 (4.2 s) | Cu-58 (3.204 s) | Cu-74 (1.594 s) | Cu-75 (1.224 s) | Cu-76 (641 ms) | Cu-77 (469 ms) | Cu-78 (342 ms) | Cu-57 (196.3 ms) | Cu-79 (188 ms) | Cu-56 (93 ms) | Cu-55 (40 ms) | Cu-80 (300 ns) | Cu-53 (300 ns) | Cu-54 (75 ns) | Tl-204 (3.77 yr) | Tl-202 (12.31 days) | Tl-201 (73.01 h) | Tl-200 (26 h) | Tl-199 (7.42 h) | Tl-198 (5.3 h) | Tl-197 (170 min) | Tl-196 (110.3 min) | Tl-195 (69.67 min) | Tl-194 (33 min) | Tl-193 (22 min) | Tl-191 (20 min) | Tl-192 (9.67 min) | Tl-207 (4.77 min) | Tl-206 (4.202 min) | Tl-208 (183.2 s) | Tl-190 (160 s) | Tl-189 (140 s) | Tl-209 (132 s) | Tl-210 (78 s) | Tl-188 (71 s) | Tl-211 (60 s) | Tl-187 (51 s) | Tl-186 (40 s) | Tl-212 (30 s) | Tl-185 (19.5 s) | Tl-184 (11 s) | Tl-183 (6.9 s) | Tl-182 (3.1 s) | Tl-180 (1.5 s) | Tl-179 (420 ms) | Tl-178 (60 ms) | Tl-177 (18 ms) | Tl-176 (10 ms) | Tl-181 (1.4 ms) neutron cross-section | 0.0092 b | 3.78 b | 3.4 b neutron mass absorption | 3×10^-5 m^2/kg | 0.0021 m^2/kg | 6×10^-4 m^2/kg

| beryllium | copper | thallium CAS number | 7440-41-7 | 7440-50-8 | 7440-28-0 PubChem CID number | 5460467 | 23978 | 5359464