gallium vs bromine vs germanium

gallium (chemical element) | bromine (chemical element) | germanium (chemical element)

Periodic table location

Images

| gallium | bromine | germanium atomic symbol | Ga | Br | Ge atomic number | 31 | 35 | 32 short electronic configuration | [Ar]4s^23d^104p^1 | [Ar]4s^23d^104p^5 | [Ar]4s^23d^104p^2 Aufbau diagram | 4p 3d 4s | 4p 3d 4s | 4p 3d 4s block | p | p | p group | 13 | 17 | 14 period | 4 | 4 | 4 atomic mass | 69.723 u | 79.904 u | 72.63 u half-life | (stable) | (stable) | (stable)

| gallium | bromine | germanium phase at STP | solid | liquid | solid melting point | 29.76 °C | -7.3 °C | 938.3 °C boiling point | 2204 °C | 59 °C | 2820 °C critical temperature | | 588 K | (unknown) critical pressure | | 10.34 MPa | (unknown) molar heat of fusion | 5.59 kJ/mol | 5.8 kJ/mol | 31.8 kJ/mol molar heat of vaporization | 256 kJ/mol | 14.8 kJ/mol | 334 kJ/mol specific heat at STP | 371 J/(kg K) | 947.3 J/(kg K) | 321.4 J/(kg K) (properties at standard conditions)

| gallium | bromine | germanium density | 5.904 g/cm^3 | 3.12 g/cm^3 | 5.323 g/cm^3 liquid density | 6.095 g/cm^3 | 3.12 g/cm^3 | 5.6 g/cm^3 molar volume | 11.81 cm^3/mol | 25.61 cm^3/mol | 13.64 cm^3/mol Mohs hardness | 1.5 (between talc and gypsum) | | 6 (≈ microcline) Vickers hardness | | | 8010 MPa Brinell hardness | 60 MPa | | 7270 MPa bulk modulus | | 1.9 GPa | (unknown) refractive index | | 1.001132 | (unknown) sound speed | 2740 m/s | | 5400 m/s thermal expansion | 1.2×10^-4 K^(-1) | | 6×10^-6 K^(-1) thermal conductivity | 29 W/(m K) | 0.12 W/(m K) | 60 W/(m K) (properties at standard conditions)

| gallium | bromine | germanium electrical type | conductor | insulator | semiconductor resistivity | 1.4×10^-7 Ω m (ohm meters) | 1×10^10 Ω m (ohm meters) | 5×10^-4 Ω m (ohm meters) electrical conductivity | 7.1×10^6 S/m (siemens per meter) | 1×10^-10 S/m (siemens per meter) | 2000 S/m (siemens per meter) magnetic type | diamagnetic | diamagnetic | diamagnetic volume magnetic susceptibility | -1.77×10^-5 | -1.53×10^-5 | -7.98×10^-6 mass magnetic susceptibility | -3×10^-9 m^3/kg (cubic meters per kilogram) | -4.9×10^-9 m^3/kg (cubic meters per kilogram) | -1.5×10^-9 m^3/kg (cubic meters per kilogram) molar magnetic susceptibility | -2.09×10^-10 m^3/mol (cubic meters per mole) | -7.83×10^-10 m^3/mol (cubic meters per mole) | -1.09×10^-10 m^3/mol (cubic meters per mole) work function | 4.32 eV (Polycrystalline) | | 5 eV (Polycrystalline) threshold frequency | 1.045×10^15 Hz (hertz) | | 1.209×10^15 Hz (hertz) superconducting point | 1.083 K (kelvins) | | (unknown) color | (silver) | (red) | (gray) refractive index | | 1.001132 | (unknown)

| gallium | bromine | germanium valence | 3 | 5 | 4 electronegativity | 1.81 | 2.96 | 2.01 electron affinity | 28.9 kJ/mol (kilojoules per mole) | 324.6 kJ/mol (kilojoules per mole) | 119 kJ/mol (kilojoules per mole) first ionization energy | 578.8 kJ/mol (kilojoules per mole) | 1139.9 kJ/mol (kilojoules per mole) | 762 kJ/mol (kilojoules per mole) ionization energies | 578.8 kJ/mol | 1979.3 kJ/mol | 2963 kJ/mol | 6180 kJ/mol | 1139.9 kJ/mol | 2103 kJ/mol | 3470 kJ/mol | 4560 kJ/mol | 5760 kJ/mol | 8550 kJ/mol | 9940 kJ/mol | 18600 kJ/mol | 762 kJ/mol | 1537.5 kJ/mol | 3302.1 kJ/mol | 4411 kJ/mol | 9020 kJ/mol

Reactivity

| gallium | bromine | germanium term symbol | ^2P_(1/2) | ^2P_(3/2) | ^3P_0 atomic radius | 130 pm | 115 pm | 125 pm covalent radius | 122 pm | 120 pm | 120 pm van der Waals radius | 187 pm | 185 pm | (unknown) (electronic ground state properties)

| gallium | bromine | germanium universe abundance | 1×10^-6 mass% | 7×10^-7 mass% | 2×10^-5 mass% solar abundance | 4×10^-6 mass% | | 2×10^-5 mass% meteorite abundance | 7.6×10^-4 mass% | 1.2×10^-4 mass% | 0.0021 mass% crust abundance | 0.0019 mass% | 3×10^-4 mass% | 1.4×10^-4 mass% ocean abundance | 3×10^-9 mass% | 0.0067 mass% | 6×10^-9 mass% human abundance | | 2.9×10^-4 mass% | universe molar abundance | 2×10^-8 mol% | 1×10^-8 mol% | 3×10^-7 mol% solar molar abundance | 6×10^-8 mol% | | 3×10^-7 mol% meteorite molar abundance | 2×10^-4 mol% | 2.3×10^-5 mol% | 4.9×10^-4 mol% ocean molar abundance | 2.7×10^-10 mol% | 5.2×10^-4 mol% | 5.1×10^-10 mol% crust molar abundance | 5.5×10^-4 mol% | 7.8×10^-5 mol% | 3.9×10^-5 mol% human molar abundance | | 2.3×10^-5 mol% |

| gallium | bromine | germanium half-life | (stable) | (stable) | (stable) stable isotopes | Ga-69 (60.108%) | Ga-71 (39.892%) | Br-79 (50.69%) | Br-81 (49.31%) | Ge-74 (36.73%) | Ge-72 (27.31%) | Ge-70 (20.37%) | Ge-73 (7.76%) nuclear spin | Ga-56: 3^+ | Ga-57: 1/2^- | Ga-58: 2^+ | Ga-59: 3/2^- | Ga-60: 2^+ | Ga-61: 3/2^- | Ga-62: 0^+ | Ga-63: 3/2^- | Ga-64: 0^+ | Ga-65: 3/2^- | Ga-66: 0^+ | Ga-67: 3/2^- | Ga-68: 1^+ | Ga-69: 3/2^- | Ga-70: 1^+ | Ga-71: 3/2^- | Ga-72: 3^- | Ga-73: 3/2^- | Ga-74: 3^- | Ga-75: 3/2^- | Ga-77: 3/2^- | Ga-78: 3^+ | Ga-79: 3/2^- | Ga-80: 3^? | Ga-81: 5/2^- | Ga-83: 3/2^- | Ga-85: 3/2^- | Br-67: 1/2^- | Br-68: 3^+ | Br-69: 1/2^- | Br-70: 0^+ | Br-71: 5/2^- | Br-72: 1^+ | Br-73: 1/2^- | Br-74: 0^- | Br-75: 3/2^- | Br-76: 1^- | Br-77: 3/2^- | Br-78: 1^+ | Br-79: 3/2^- | Br-80: 1^+ | Br-81: 3/2^- | Br-82: 5^- | Br-83: 3/2^- | Br-84: 2^- | Br-85: 3/2^- | Br-86: 2^- | Br-87: 3/2^- | Br-88: 2^- | Br-91: 3/2^- | Br-92: 2^- | Br-93: 5/2^- | Br-95: 3/2^- | Br-97: 3/2^- | Ge-58: 0^+ | Ge-59: 7/2^- | Ge-60: 0^+ | Ge-61: 3/2^- | Ge-62: 0^+ | Ge-63: 3/2^- | Ge-64: 0^+ | Ge-65: 3/2^- | Ge-66: 0^+ | Ge-67: 1/2^- | Ge-68: 0^+ | Ge-69: 5/2^- | Ge-70: 0^+ | Ge-71: 1/2^- | Ge-72: 0^+ | Ge-73: 9/2^+ | Ge-74: 0^+ | Ge-75: 1/2^- | Ge-76: 0^+ | Ge-77: 7/2^+ | Ge-78: 0^+ | Ge-79: 1/2^- | Ge-80: 0^+ | Ge-81: 9/2^+ | Ge-82: 0^+ | Ge-83: 5/2^+ | Ge-84: 0^+ | Ge-85: 5/2^+ | Ge-86: 0^+ | Ge-87: 5/2^+ | Ge-88: 0^+ | Ge-89: 3/2^+ unstable isotopes | Ga-67 (78.281 h) | Ga-72 (14.1 h) | Ga-66 (9.5 h) | Ga-73 (4.86 h) | Ga-68 (67.72 min) | Ga-70 (21.13 min) | Ga-65 (15.2 min) | Ga-74 (8.12 min) | Ga-64 (157.6 s) | Ga-75 (126 s) | Ga-76 (32.6 s) | Ga-63 (32.4 s) | Ga-77 (13.2 s) | Ga-78 (5.09 s) | Ga-79 (2.847 s) | Ga-80 (1.676 s) | Ga-81 (1.217 s) | Ga-82 (599 ms) | Ga-83 (308 ms) | Ga-61 (168 ms) | Ga-62 (116.12 ms) | Ga-84 (85 ms) | Ga-60 (70 ms) | Ga-86 (150 ns) | Ga-85 (150 ns) | Br-77 (57.0361 h) | Br-82 (35.2833 h) | Br-76 (16.2 h) | Br-83 (140 min) | Br-75 (97 min) | Br-84 (31.8 min) | Br-74 (25.4 min) | Br-80 (17.68 min) | Br-78 (6.47 min) | Br-73 (200 s) | Br-85 (174 s) | Br-72 (78.6 s) | Br-87 (55.65 s) | Br-86 (55.1 s) | Br-71 (21.4 s) | Br-88 (16.29 s) | Br-89 (4.4 s) | Br-90 (1.91 s) | Br-91 (541 ms) | Br-92 (343 ms) | Br-93 (102 ms) | Br-70 (79.1 ms) | Br-94 (70 ms) | Br-68 (1.2 µs) | Br-97 (150 ns) | Br-96 (150 ns) | Br-95 (150 ns) | Br-69 (24 ns) | Ge-68 (270.9 days) | Ge-71 (11.43 days) | Ge-69 (39.06 h) | Ge-77 (11.3 h) | Ge-66 (135.7 min) | Ge-78 (88 min) | Ge-75 (82.78 min) | Ge-67 (18.9 min) | Ge-64 (63.7 s) | Ge-65 (30.9 s) | Ge-80 (29.5 s) | Ge-79 (18.98 s) | Ge-81 (7.6 s) | Ge-82 (4.55 s) | Ge-83 (1.85 s) | Ge-84 (947 ms) | Ge-85 (535 ms) | Ge-63 (142 ms) | Ge-87 (140 ms) | Ge-89 (50 ms) | Ge-61 (39 ms) | Ge-60 (30 ms) | Ge-88 (300 ns) | Ge-86 (150 ns) | Ge-62 (150 ns) neutron cross-section | 2.9 b | 6.8 b | 2.2 b neutron mass absorption | 0.0015 m^2/kg | 0.002 m^2/kg | 0.0011 m^2/kg

| gallium | bromine | germanium CAS number | 7440-55-3 | 7726-95-6 | 7440-56-4 PubChem CID number | 5360835 | 24408 | 6326954