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germanium vs silicon vs erbium

Input interpretation

germanium (chemical element) | silicon (chemical element) | erbium (chemical element)
germanium (chemical element) | silicon (chemical element) | erbium (chemical element)

Periodic table location

Periodic table location
Periodic table location

Images

Images
Images

Basic elemental properties

| germanium | silicon | erbium atomic symbol | Ge | Si | Er atomic number | 32 | 14 | 68 short electronic configuration | [Ar]4s^23d^104p^2 | [Ne]3s^23p^2 | [Xe]6s^24f^12 Aufbau diagram | 4p 3d 4s | 3p 3s | 4f 6s block | p | p | f group | 14 | 14 | period | 4 | 3 | 6 atomic mass | 72.63 u | 28.085 u | 167.259 u half-life | (stable) | (stable) | (stable)
| germanium | silicon | erbium atomic symbol | Ge | Si | Er atomic number | 32 | 14 | 68 short electronic configuration | [Ar]4s^23d^104p^2 | [Ne]3s^23p^2 | [Xe]6s^24f^12 Aufbau diagram | 4p 3d 4s | 3p 3s | 4f 6s block | p | p | f group | 14 | 14 | period | 4 | 3 | 6 atomic mass | 72.63 u | 28.085 u | 167.259 u half-life | (stable) | (stable) | (stable)

Thermodynamic properties

| germanium | silicon | erbium phase at STP | solid | solid | solid melting point | 938.3 °C | 1414 °C | 1497 °C boiling point | 2820 °C | 2900 °C | 2868 °C molar heat of fusion | 31.8 kJ/mol | 50.2 kJ/mol | 19.9 kJ/mol molar heat of vaporization | 334 kJ/mol | 359 kJ/mol | 285 kJ/mol specific heat at STP | 321.4 J/(kg K) | 710 J/(kg K) | 168 J/(kg K) Néel point | | | 82 K (properties at standard conditions)
| germanium | silicon | erbium phase at STP | solid | solid | solid melting point | 938.3 °C | 1414 °C | 1497 °C boiling point | 2820 °C | 2900 °C | 2868 °C molar heat of fusion | 31.8 kJ/mol | 50.2 kJ/mol | 19.9 kJ/mol molar heat of vaporization | 334 kJ/mol | 359 kJ/mol | 285 kJ/mol specific heat at STP | 321.4 J/(kg K) | 710 J/(kg K) | 168 J/(kg K) Néel point | | | 82 K (properties at standard conditions)

Material properties

| germanium | silicon | erbium density | 5.323 g/cm^3 | 2.33 g/cm^3 | 9.066 g/cm^3 liquid density | 5.6 g/cm^3 | 2.57 g/cm^3 | 8.86 g/cm^3 molar volume | 13.64 cm^3/mol | 12.05 cm^3/mol | 18.45 cm^3/mol Mohs hardness | 6 (≈ microcline) | 6.5 (between microcline and quartz) | 2 (between gypsum and talc) Vickers hardness | 8010 MPa | 9630 MPa | 589 MPa Brinell hardness | 7270 MPa | | 814 MPa bulk modulus | (unknown) | 100 GPa | 44 GPa shear modulus | (unknown) | | 28 GPa Young's modulus | (unknown) | 47 GPa | 70 GPa Poisson ratio | (unknown) | | 0.24 tensile yield strength | | | 60 MPa ultimate tensile strength | | | 136 MPa sound speed | 5400 m/s | 2200 m/s | 2830 m/s thermal expansion | 6×10^-6 K^(-1) | 2.6×10^-6 K^(-1) | 1.22×10^-5 K^(-1) thermal conductivity | 60 W/(m K) | 150 W/(m K) | 15 W/(m K) (properties at standard conditions)
| germanium | silicon | erbium density | 5.323 g/cm^3 | 2.33 g/cm^3 | 9.066 g/cm^3 liquid density | 5.6 g/cm^3 | 2.57 g/cm^3 | 8.86 g/cm^3 molar volume | 13.64 cm^3/mol | 12.05 cm^3/mol | 18.45 cm^3/mol Mohs hardness | 6 (≈ microcline) | 6.5 (between microcline and quartz) | 2 (between gypsum and talc) Vickers hardness | 8010 MPa | 9630 MPa | 589 MPa Brinell hardness | 7270 MPa | | 814 MPa bulk modulus | (unknown) | 100 GPa | 44 GPa shear modulus | (unknown) | | 28 GPa Young's modulus | (unknown) | 47 GPa | 70 GPa Poisson ratio | (unknown) | | 0.24 tensile yield strength | | | 60 MPa ultimate tensile strength | | | 136 MPa sound speed | 5400 m/s | 2200 m/s | 2830 m/s thermal expansion | 6×10^-6 K^(-1) | 2.6×10^-6 K^(-1) | 1.22×10^-5 K^(-1) thermal conductivity | 60 W/(m K) | 150 W/(m K) | 15 W/(m K) (properties at standard conditions)

Electromagnetic properties

| germanium | silicon | erbium electrical type | semiconductor | semiconductor | conductor resistivity | 5×10^-4 Ω m (ohm meters) | 0.001 Ω m (ohm meters) | 8.6×10^-7 Ω m (ohm meters) electrical conductivity | 2000 S/m (siemens per meter) | 1000 S/m (siemens per meter) | 1.2×10^6 S/m (siemens per meter) magnetic type | diamagnetic | diamagnetic | paramagnetic volume magnetic susceptibility | -7.98×10^-6 | -3.73×10^-6 | 0.0341788 mass magnetic susceptibility | -1.5×10^-9 m^3/kg (cubic meters per kilogram) | -1.6×10^-9 m^3/kg (cubic meters per kilogram) | 3.77×10^-6 m^3/kg (cubic meters per kilogram) molar magnetic susceptibility | -1.09×10^-10 m^3/mol (cubic meters per mole) | -4.49×10^-11 m^3/mol (cubic meters per mole) | 6.30566×10^-7 m^3/mol (cubic meters per mole) Curie point | | | 32 K (kelvins) Néel point | | | 82 K (kelvins) work function | 5 eV (Polycrystalline) | (4.6 to 4.91) eV | threshold frequency | 1.209×10^15 Hz (hertz) | (1.112×10^15 to 1.187×10^15) Hz (hertz) | color | (gray) | (gray) | (silver)
| germanium | silicon | erbium electrical type | semiconductor | semiconductor | conductor resistivity | 5×10^-4 Ω m (ohm meters) | 0.001 Ω m (ohm meters) | 8.6×10^-7 Ω m (ohm meters) electrical conductivity | 2000 S/m (siemens per meter) | 1000 S/m (siemens per meter) | 1.2×10^6 S/m (siemens per meter) magnetic type | diamagnetic | diamagnetic | paramagnetic volume magnetic susceptibility | -7.98×10^-6 | -3.73×10^-6 | 0.0341788 mass magnetic susceptibility | -1.5×10^-9 m^3/kg (cubic meters per kilogram) | -1.6×10^-9 m^3/kg (cubic meters per kilogram) | 3.77×10^-6 m^3/kg (cubic meters per kilogram) molar magnetic susceptibility | -1.09×10^-10 m^3/mol (cubic meters per mole) | -4.49×10^-11 m^3/mol (cubic meters per mole) | 6.30566×10^-7 m^3/mol (cubic meters per mole) Curie point | | | 32 K (kelvins) Néel point | | | 82 K (kelvins) work function | 5 eV (Polycrystalline) | (4.6 to 4.91) eV | threshold frequency | 1.209×10^15 Hz (hertz) | (1.112×10^15 to 1.187×10^15) Hz (hertz) | color | (gray) | (gray) | (silver)

Reactivity

| germanium | silicon | erbium valence | 4 | 4 | 3 electronegativity | 2.01 | 1.9 | 1.24 electron affinity | 119 kJ/mol (kilojoules per mole) | 133.6 kJ/mol (kilojoules per mole) | 50 kJ/mol (kilojoules per mole) first ionization energy | 762 kJ/mol (kilojoules per mole) | 786.5 kJ/mol (kilojoules per mole) | 589.3 kJ/mol (kilojoules per mole) ionization energies | 762 kJ/mol | 1537.5 kJ/mol | 3302.1 kJ/mol | 4411 kJ/mol | 9020 kJ/mol | 786.5 kJ/mol | 1577.1 kJ/mol | 3231.6 kJ/mol | 4355.5 kJ/mol | 16091 kJ/mol | 19805 kJ/mol | 23780 kJ/mol | 29287 kJ/mol | 33878 kJ/mol | 38726 kJ/mol | 589.3 kJ/mol | 1150 kJ/mol | 2194 kJ/mol | 4120 kJ/mol
| germanium | silicon | erbium valence | 4 | 4 | 3 electronegativity | 2.01 | 1.9 | 1.24 electron affinity | 119 kJ/mol (kilojoules per mole) | 133.6 kJ/mol (kilojoules per mole) | 50 kJ/mol (kilojoules per mole) first ionization energy | 762 kJ/mol (kilojoules per mole) | 786.5 kJ/mol (kilojoules per mole) | 589.3 kJ/mol (kilojoules per mole) ionization energies | 762 kJ/mol | 1537.5 kJ/mol | 3302.1 kJ/mol | 4411 kJ/mol | 9020 kJ/mol | 786.5 kJ/mol | 1577.1 kJ/mol | 3231.6 kJ/mol | 4355.5 kJ/mol | 16091 kJ/mol | 19805 kJ/mol | 23780 kJ/mol | 29287 kJ/mol | 33878 kJ/mol | 38726 kJ/mol | 589.3 kJ/mol | 1150 kJ/mol | 2194 kJ/mol | 4120 kJ/mol
Reactivity
Reactivity

Atomic properties

| germanium | silicon | erbium term symbol | ^3P_0 | ^3P_0 | ^3H_6 atomic radius | 125 pm | 110 pm | 175 pm covalent radius | 120 pm | 111 pm | 189 pm van der Waals radius | (unknown) | 210 pm | (electronic ground state properties)
| germanium | silicon | erbium term symbol | ^3P_0 | ^3P_0 | ^3H_6 atomic radius | 125 pm | 110 pm | 175 pm covalent radius | 120 pm | 111 pm | 189 pm van der Waals radius | (unknown) | 210 pm | (electronic ground state properties)

Abundances

| germanium | silicon | erbium universe abundance | 2×10^-5 mass% | 0.07 mass% | 2×10^-7 mass% solar abundance | 2×10^-5 mass% | 0.09 mass% | 1×10^-7 mass% meteorite abundance | 0.0021 mass% | 14 mass% | 1.8×10^-5 mass% crust abundance | 1.4×10^-4 mass% | 27 mass% | 3×10^-4 mass% ocean abundance | 6×10^-9 mass% | 1×10^-4 mass% | 9×10^-11 mass% human abundance | | 0.026 mass% | universe molar abundance | 3×10^-7 mol% | 0.003 mol% | 1×10^-9 mol% solar molar abundance | 3×10^-7 mol% | 0.004 mol% | 9.9×10^-10 mol% meteorite molar abundance | 4.9×10^-4 mol% | 10 mol% | 2×10^-6 mol% ocean molar abundance | 5.1×10^-10 mol% | 2.2×10^-5 mol% | 3.3×10^-12 mol% crust molar abundance | 3.9×10^-5 mol% | 20 mol% | 3.7×10^-5 mol% human molar abundance | | 0.0058 mol% |
| germanium | silicon | erbium universe abundance | 2×10^-5 mass% | 0.07 mass% | 2×10^-7 mass% solar abundance | 2×10^-5 mass% | 0.09 mass% | 1×10^-7 mass% meteorite abundance | 0.0021 mass% | 14 mass% | 1.8×10^-5 mass% crust abundance | 1.4×10^-4 mass% | 27 mass% | 3×10^-4 mass% ocean abundance | 6×10^-9 mass% | 1×10^-4 mass% | 9×10^-11 mass% human abundance | | 0.026 mass% | universe molar abundance | 3×10^-7 mol% | 0.003 mol% | 1×10^-9 mol% solar molar abundance | 3×10^-7 mol% | 0.004 mol% | 9.9×10^-10 mol% meteorite molar abundance | 4.9×10^-4 mol% | 10 mol% | 2×10^-6 mol% ocean molar abundance | 5.1×10^-10 mol% | 2.2×10^-5 mol% | 3.3×10^-12 mol% crust molar abundance | 3.9×10^-5 mol% | 20 mol% | 3.7×10^-5 mol% human molar abundance | | 0.0058 mol% |

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