Input interpretation
![CaCl_2 calcium chloride + HO_2CCO_2H oxalic acid ⟶ HCl hydrogen chloride + CaC_2O_4 calcium oxalate](../image_source/0f9850bc4434d160f9c77f787863a184.png)
CaCl_2 calcium chloride + HO_2CCO_2H oxalic acid ⟶ HCl hydrogen chloride + CaC_2O_4 calcium oxalate
Balanced equation
![Balance the chemical equation algebraically: CaCl_2 + HO_2CCO_2H ⟶ HCl + CaC_2O_4 Add stoichiometric coefficients, c_i, to the reactants and products: c_1 CaCl_2 + c_2 HO_2CCO_2H ⟶ c_3 HCl + c_4 CaC_2O_4 Set the number of atoms in the reactants equal to the number of atoms in the products for Ca, Cl, C, H and O: Ca: | c_1 = c_4 Cl: | 2 c_1 = c_3 C: | 2 c_2 = 2 c_4 H: | 2 c_2 = c_3 O: | 4 c_2 = 4 c_4 Since the coefficients are relative quantities and underdetermined, choose a coefficient to set arbitrarily. To keep the coefficients small, the arbitrary value is ordinarily one. For instance, set c_1 = 1 and solve the system of equations for the remaining coefficients: c_1 = 1 c_2 = 1 c_3 = 2 c_4 = 1 Substitute the coefficients into the chemical reaction to obtain the balanced equation: Answer: | | CaCl_2 + HO_2CCO_2H ⟶ 2 HCl + CaC_2O_4](../image_source/da15cc0173c13731a3b5dcc44b8a6c02.png)
Balance the chemical equation algebraically: CaCl_2 + HO_2CCO_2H ⟶ HCl + CaC_2O_4 Add stoichiometric coefficients, c_i, to the reactants and products: c_1 CaCl_2 + c_2 HO_2CCO_2H ⟶ c_3 HCl + c_4 CaC_2O_4 Set the number of atoms in the reactants equal to the number of atoms in the products for Ca, Cl, C, H and O: Ca: | c_1 = c_4 Cl: | 2 c_1 = c_3 C: | 2 c_2 = 2 c_4 H: | 2 c_2 = c_3 O: | 4 c_2 = 4 c_4 Since the coefficients are relative quantities and underdetermined, choose a coefficient to set arbitrarily. To keep the coefficients small, the arbitrary value is ordinarily one. For instance, set c_1 = 1 and solve the system of equations for the remaining coefficients: c_1 = 1 c_2 = 1 c_3 = 2 c_4 = 1 Substitute the coefficients into the chemical reaction to obtain the balanced equation: Answer: | | CaCl_2 + HO_2CCO_2H ⟶ 2 HCl + CaC_2O_4
Structures
![+ ⟶ +](../image_source/85a491303b281dd2d4ec17e0339132fa.png)
+ ⟶ +
Names
![calcium chloride + oxalic acid ⟶ hydrogen chloride + calcium oxalate](../image_source/72c9e0cd6b2715e53fa29164e82b2ba5.png)
calcium chloride + oxalic acid ⟶ hydrogen chloride + calcium oxalate
Equilibrium constant
![Construct the equilibrium constant, K, expression for: CaCl_2 + HO_2CCO_2H ⟶ HCl + CaC_2O_4 Plan: • Balance the chemical equation. • Determine the stoichiometric numbers. • Assemble the activity expression for each chemical species. • Use the activity expressions to build the equilibrium constant expression. Write the balanced chemical equation: CaCl_2 + HO_2CCO_2H ⟶ 2 HCl + CaC_2O_4 Assign stoichiometric numbers, ν_i, using the stoichiometric coefficients, c_i, from the balanced chemical equation in the following manner: ν_i = -c_i for reactants and ν_i = c_i for products: chemical species | c_i | ν_i CaCl_2 | 1 | -1 HO_2CCO_2H | 1 | -1 HCl | 2 | 2 CaC_2O_4 | 1 | 1 Assemble the activity expressions accounting for the state of matter and ν_i: chemical species | c_i | ν_i | activity expression CaCl_2 | 1 | -1 | ([CaCl2])^(-1) HO_2CCO_2H | 1 | -1 | ([HO2CCO2H])^(-1) HCl | 2 | 2 | ([HCl])^2 CaC_2O_4 | 1 | 1 | [CaC2O4] The equilibrium constant symbol in the concentration basis is: K_c Mulitply the activity expressions to arrive at the K_c expression: Answer: | | K_c = ([CaCl2])^(-1) ([HO2CCO2H])^(-1) ([HCl])^2 [CaC2O4] = (([HCl])^2 [CaC2O4])/([CaCl2] [HO2CCO2H])](../image_source/50cbfe962f8a02a7f7e5d3ee2934709a.png)
Construct the equilibrium constant, K, expression for: CaCl_2 + HO_2CCO_2H ⟶ HCl + CaC_2O_4 Plan: • Balance the chemical equation. • Determine the stoichiometric numbers. • Assemble the activity expression for each chemical species. • Use the activity expressions to build the equilibrium constant expression. Write the balanced chemical equation: CaCl_2 + HO_2CCO_2H ⟶ 2 HCl + CaC_2O_4 Assign stoichiometric numbers, ν_i, using the stoichiometric coefficients, c_i, from the balanced chemical equation in the following manner: ν_i = -c_i for reactants and ν_i = c_i for products: chemical species | c_i | ν_i CaCl_2 | 1 | -1 HO_2CCO_2H | 1 | -1 HCl | 2 | 2 CaC_2O_4 | 1 | 1 Assemble the activity expressions accounting for the state of matter and ν_i: chemical species | c_i | ν_i | activity expression CaCl_2 | 1 | -1 | ([CaCl2])^(-1) HO_2CCO_2H | 1 | -1 | ([HO2CCO2H])^(-1) HCl | 2 | 2 | ([HCl])^2 CaC_2O_4 | 1 | 1 | [CaC2O4] The equilibrium constant symbol in the concentration basis is: K_c Mulitply the activity expressions to arrive at the K_c expression: Answer: | | K_c = ([CaCl2])^(-1) ([HO2CCO2H])^(-1) ([HCl])^2 [CaC2O4] = (([HCl])^2 [CaC2O4])/([CaCl2] [HO2CCO2H])
Rate of reaction
![Construct the rate of reaction expression for: CaCl_2 + HO_2CCO_2H ⟶ HCl + CaC_2O_4 Plan: • Balance the chemical equation. • Determine the stoichiometric numbers. • Assemble the rate term for each chemical species. • Write the rate of reaction expression. Write the balanced chemical equation: CaCl_2 + HO_2CCO_2H ⟶ 2 HCl + CaC_2O_4 Assign stoichiometric numbers, ν_i, using the stoichiometric coefficients, c_i, from the balanced chemical equation in the following manner: ν_i = -c_i for reactants and ν_i = c_i for products: chemical species | c_i | ν_i CaCl_2 | 1 | -1 HO_2CCO_2H | 1 | -1 HCl | 2 | 2 CaC_2O_4 | 1 | 1 The rate term for each chemical species, B_i, is 1/ν_i(Δ[B_i])/(Δt) where [B_i] is the amount concentration and t is time: chemical species | c_i | ν_i | rate term CaCl_2 | 1 | -1 | -(Δ[CaCl2])/(Δt) HO_2CCO_2H | 1 | -1 | -(Δ[HO2CCO2H])/(Δt) HCl | 2 | 2 | 1/2 (Δ[HCl])/(Δt) CaC_2O_4 | 1 | 1 | (Δ[CaC2O4])/(Δt) (for infinitesimal rate of change, replace Δ with d) Set the rate terms equal to each other to arrive at the rate expression: Answer: | | rate = -(Δ[CaCl2])/(Δt) = -(Δ[HO2CCO2H])/(Δt) = 1/2 (Δ[HCl])/(Δt) = (Δ[CaC2O4])/(Δt) (assuming constant volume and no accumulation of intermediates or side products)](../image_source/60ed12cf39551aea225b9febbb196f4c.png)
Construct the rate of reaction expression for: CaCl_2 + HO_2CCO_2H ⟶ HCl + CaC_2O_4 Plan: • Balance the chemical equation. • Determine the stoichiometric numbers. • Assemble the rate term for each chemical species. • Write the rate of reaction expression. Write the balanced chemical equation: CaCl_2 + HO_2CCO_2H ⟶ 2 HCl + CaC_2O_4 Assign stoichiometric numbers, ν_i, using the stoichiometric coefficients, c_i, from the balanced chemical equation in the following manner: ν_i = -c_i for reactants and ν_i = c_i for products: chemical species | c_i | ν_i CaCl_2 | 1 | -1 HO_2CCO_2H | 1 | -1 HCl | 2 | 2 CaC_2O_4 | 1 | 1 The rate term for each chemical species, B_i, is 1/ν_i(Δ[B_i])/(Δt) where [B_i] is the amount concentration and t is time: chemical species | c_i | ν_i | rate term CaCl_2 | 1 | -1 | -(Δ[CaCl2])/(Δt) HO_2CCO_2H | 1 | -1 | -(Δ[HO2CCO2H])/(Δt) HCl | 2 | 2 | 1/2 (Δ[HCl])/(Δt) CaC_2O_4 | 1 | 1 | (Δ[CaC2O4])/(Δt) (for infinitesimal rate of change, replace Δ with d) Set the rate terms equal to each other to arrive at the rate expression: Answer: | | rate = -(Δ[CaCl2])/(Δt) = -(Δ[HO2CCO2H])/(Δt) = 1/2 (Δ[HCl])/(Δt) = (Δ[CaC2O4])/(Δt) (assuming constant volume and no accumulation of intermediates or side products)
Chemical names and formulas
![| calcium chloride | oxalic acid | hydrogen chloride | calcium oxalate formula | CaCl_2 | HO_2CCO_2H | HCl | CaC_2O_4 Hill formula | CaCl_2 | C_2H_2O_4 | ClH | C_2CaO_4 name | calcium chloride | oxalic acid | hydrogen chloride | calcium oxalate IUPAC name | calcium dichloride | oxalic acid | hydrogen chloride | calcium oxalate](../image_source/910944f9d746ea873d00b05cf48636c0.png)
| calcium chloride | oxalic acid | hydrogen chloride | calcium oxalate formula | CaCl_2 | HO_2CCO_2H | HCl | CaC_2O_4 Hill formula | CaCl_2 | C_2H_2O_4 | ClH | C_2CaO_4 name | calcium chloride | oxalic acid | hydrogen chloride | calcium oxalate IUPAC name | calcium dichloride | oxalic acid | hydrogen chloride | calcium oxalate
Substance properties
![| calcium chloride | oxalic acid | hydrogen chloride | calcium oxalate molar mass | 111 g/mol | 90.03 g/mol | 36.46 g/mol | 128.1 g/mol phase | solid (at STP) | solid (at STP) | gas (at STP) | melting point | 772 °C | 189.5 °C | -114.17 °C | boiling point | | 365 °C | -85 °C | density | 2.15 g/cm^3 | 1.948 g/cm^3 | 0.00149 g/cm^3 (at 25 °C) | 2.2 g/cm^3 solubility in water | soluble | | miscible |](../image_source/f6bad738cf16a2180ea499af3dce004e.png)
| calcium chloride | oxalic acid | hydrogen chloride | calcium oxalate molar mass | 111 g/mol | 90.03 g/mol | 36.46 g/mol | 128.1 g/mol phase | solid (at STP) | solid (at STP) | gas (at STP) | melting point | 772 °C | 189.5 °C | -114.17 °C | boiling point | | 365 °C | -85 °C | density | 2.15 g/cm^3 | 1.948 g/cm^3 | 0.00149 g/cm^3 (at 25 °C) | 2.2 g/cm^3 solubility in water | soluble | | miscible |
Units