carbon vs cobalt vs gallium

carbon (chemical element) | cobalt (chemical element) | gallium (chemical element)

Periodic table location

Images

| carbon | cobalt | gallium atomic symbol | C | Co | Ga atomic number | 6 | 27 | 31 short electronic configuration | [He]2s^22p^2 | [Ar]4s^23d^7 | [Ar]4s^23d^104p^1 Aufbau diagram | 2p 2s | 3d 4s | 4p 3d 4s block | p | d | p group | 14 | 9 | 13 period | 2 | 4 | 4 atomic mass | 12.011 u | 58.933194 u | 69.723 u half-life | (stable) | (stable) | (stable)

| carbon | cobalt | gallium phase at STP | solid | solid | solid melting point | 3550 °C | 1495 °C | 29.76 °C boiling point | 4027 °C | 2927 °C | 2204 °C molar heat of fusion | 105 kJ/mol | 16.2 kJ/mol | 5.59 kJ/mol molar heat of vaporization | 715 kJ/mol | 375 kJ/mol | 256 kJ/mol specific heat at STP | 710 J/(kg K) | 421 J/(kg K) | 371 J/(kg K) (properties at standard conditions)

| carbon | cobalt | gallium density | 2.26 g/cm^3 | 8.9 g/cm^3 | 5.904 g/cm^3 liquid density | | 7.75 g/cm^3 | 6.095 g/cm^3 molar volume | 5.315 cm^3/mol | 6.6 cm^3/mol | 11.81 cm^3/mol Mohs hardness | 0.5 (between talc and gypsum) | 5 (≈ apatite) | 1.5 (between talc and gypsum) Vickers hardness | | 1043 MPa | Brinell hardness | | 700 MPa | 60 MPa bulk modulus | 33 GPa | 180 GPa | shear modulus | | 75 GPa | Young's modulus | | 209 GPa | Poisson ratio | | 0.31 | tensile yield strength | | 225 MPa | refractive index | 2.417 | (unknown) | sound speed | 18350 m/s | 4720 m/s | 2740 m/s thermal expansion | 7.1×10^-6 K^(-1) | 1.3×10^-5 K^(-1) | 1.2×10^-4 K^(-1) thermal conductivity | 140 W/(m K) | 100 W/(m K) | 29 W/(m K) (properties at standard conditions)

| carbon | cobalt | gallium electrical type | conductor | conductor | conductor resistivity | 1×10^-5 Ω m (ohm meters) | 6×10^-8 Ω m (ohm meters) | 1.4×10^-7 Ω m (ohm meters) electrical conductivity | 100000 S/m (siemens per meter) | 1.7×10^7 S/m (siemens per meter) | 7.1×10^6 S/m (siemens per meter) magnetic type | diamagnetic | ferromagnetic | diamagnetic volume magnetic susceptibility | -1.4×10^-5 | | -1.77×10^-5 mass magnetic susceptibility | -6.2×10^-9 m^3/kg (cubic meters per kilogram) | | -3×10^-9 m^3/kg (cubic meters per kilogram) molar magnetic susceptibility | -7.45×10^-11 m^3/mol (cubic meters per mole) | | -2.09×10^-10 m^3/mol (cubic meters per mole) Curie point | | 1394 K (kelvins) | work function | 5 eV (Polycrystalline) | 5 eV (Polycrystalline) | 4.32 eV (Polycrystalline) threshold frequency | 1.209×10^15 Hz (hertz) | 1.209×10^15 Hz (hertz) | 1.045×10^15 Hz (hertz) superconducting point | | (unknown) | 1.083 K (kelvins) color | (black) | (gray) | (silver) refractive index | 2.417 | (unknown) |

| carbon | cobalt | gallium valence | 4 | 4 | 3 electronegativity | 2.55 | 1.88 | 1.81 electron affinity | 153.9 kJ/mol (kilojoules per mole) | 63.7 kJ/mol (kilojoules per mole) | 28.9 kJ/mol (kilojoules per mole) first ionization energy | 1086.5 kJ/mol (kilojoules per mole) | 760.4 kJ/mol (kilojoules per mole) | 578.8 kJ/mol (kilojoules per mole) ionization energies | 1086.5 kJ/mol | 2352.6 kJ/mol | 4620.5 kJ/mol | 6222.7 kJ/mol | 37831 kJ/mol | 47277 kJ/mol | 760.4 kJ/mol | 1648 kJ/mol | 3232 kJ/mol | 4950 kJ/mol | 7670 kJ/mol | 9840 kJ/mol | 12440 kJ/mol | 15230 kJ/mol | 17959 kJ/mol | 26570 kJ/mol | 29400 kJ/mol | 32400 kJ/mol | 36600 kJ/mol | 39700 kJ/mol | 42800 kJ/mol | 49396 kJ/mol | 52737 kJ/mol | 134810 kJ/mol | 145170 kJ/mol | 154700 kJ/mol | 167400 kJ/mol | 578.8 kJ/mol | 1979.3 kJ/mol | 2963 kJ/mol | 6180 kJ/mol

Reactivity

| carbon | cobalt | gallium term symbol | ^3P_0 | ^4F_(9/2) | ^2P_(1/2) atomic radius | 70 pm | 135 pm | 130 pm covalent radius | 76 pm | 126 pm | 122 pm van der Waals radius | 170 pm | (unknown) | 187 pm (electronic ground state properties)

| carbon | cobalt | gallium universe abundance | 0.5 mass% | 3×10^-4 mass% | 1×10^-6 mass% solar abundance | 0.3 mass% | 4×10^-4 mass% | 4×10^-6 mass% meteorite abundance | 1.5 mass% | 0.059 mass% | 7.6×10^-4 mass% crust abundance | 0.18 mass% | 0.003 mass% | 0.0019 mass% ocean abundance | 0.0028 mass% | 8×10^-9 mass% | 3×10^-9 mass% human abundance | 23 mass% | 2×10^-6 mass% | universe molar abundance | 0.05 mol% | 6×10^-6 mol% | 2×10^-8 mol% solar molar abundance | 0.03 mol% | 7×10^-6 mol% | 6×10^-8 mol% meteorite molar abundance | 1.8 mol% | 0.02 mol% | 2×10^-4 mol% ocean molar abundance | 0.0014 mol% | 8×10^-10 mol% | 2.7×10^-10 mol% crust molar abundance | 0.31 mol% | 9.9×10^-4 mol% | 5.5×10^-4 mol% human molar abundance | 12 mol% | 2×10^-7 mol% |