group 12 elements

group 12 elements

zinc | cadmium | mercury | copernicium

Periodic table location

Images

| atomic symbol | atomic number | short electronic configuration zinc | Zn | 30 | [Ar]4s^23d^10 cadmium | Cd | 48 | [Kr]5s^24d^10 mercury | Hg | 80 | [Xe]6s^24f^145d^10 copernicium | Cn | 112 | [Rn]7s^25f^146d^10 | Aufbau diagram | block | group zinc | 3d 4s | d | 12 cadmium | 4d 5s | d | 12 mercury | 5d 4f 6s | d | 12 copernicium | 6d 5f 7s | d | 12 | period | atomic mass | half-life zinc | 4 | 65.38 u | (stable) cadmium | 5 | 112.414 u | (stable) mercury | 6 | 200.592 u | (stable) copernicium | 7 | 285 u | 40 min

phase at STP | all | liquid | solid melting point | median | 321.07 °C | highest | 419.53 °C (zinc) | lowest | -38.83 °C (mercury) | distribution | boiling point | median | 767 °C | highest | 907 °C (zinc) | lowest | 356.73 °C (mercury) | distribution | molar heat of fusion | median | 6.3 kJ/mol | highest | 7.35 kJ/mol (zinc) | lowest | 2.29 kJ/mol (mercury) molar heat of vaporization | median | 100 kJ/mol | highest | 119 kJ/mol (zinc) | lowest | 59.2 kJ/mol (mercury) specific heat at STP | median | 230 J/(kg K) | highest | 388 J/(kg K) (zinc) | lowest | 139.5 J/(kg K) (mercury) | distribution | (properties at standard conditions)

density | median | 8.65 g/cm^3 | highest | 13.534 g/cm^3 (mercury) | lowest | 7.14 g/cm^3 (zinc) | distribution | liquid density | median | 7.996 g/cm^3 | highest | 13.534 g/cm^3 (mercury) | lowest | 6.57 g/cm^3 (zinc) | distribution | molar volume | median | 13 cm^3/mol | highest | 14.821 cm^3/mol (mercury) | lowest | 9.16 cm^3/mol (zinc) | distribution | Brinell hardness | all | 203 MPa | 412 MPa bulk modulus | median | 42 GPa | highest | 70 GPa (zinc) | lowest | 25 GPa (mercury) | distribution | Poisson ratio | all | 0.25 | 0.3 ultimate tensile strength | all | 37 MPa | 75 MPa sound speed | median | 2310 m/s | highest | 3700 m/s (zinc) | lowest | 1407 m/s (mercury) | distribution | thermal expansion | median | 3.08×10^-5 K^(-1) | highest | 1.81×10^-4 K^(-1) (mercury) | lowest | 3.02×10^-5 K^(-1) (zinc) thermal conductivity | median | 97 W/(m K) | highest | 120 W/(m K) (zinc) | lowest | 8.3 W/(m K) (mercury) | distribution | (properties at standard conditions)

resistivity | median | 7×10^-8 Ω m (ohm meters) | highest | 9.6×10^-7 Ω m (ohm meters) (mercury) | lowest | 5.9×10^-8 Ω m (ohm meters) (zinc) electrical conductivity | median | 1.4×10^7 S/m (siemens per meter) | highest | 1.7×10^7 S/m (siemens per meter) (zinc) | lowest | 1×10^6 S/m (siemens per meter) (mercury) | distribution | volume magnetic susceptibility | median | -1.99×10^-5 | highest | -1.58×10^-5 (zinc) | lowest | -2.84×10^-5 (mercury) mass magnetic susceptibility | median | -2.21×10^-9 m^3/kg (cubic meters per kilogram) | highest | -2.1×10^-9 m^3/kg (cubic meters per kilogram) (mercury) | lowest | -2.3×10^-9 m^3/kg (cubic meters per kilogram) (cadmium) molar magnetic susceptibility | median | -2.59×10^-10 m^3/mol (cubic meters per mole) | highest | -1.45×10^-10 m^3/mol (cubic meters per mole) (zinc) | lowest | -4.21×10^-10 m^3/mol (cubic meters per mole) (mercury) | distribution | work function | all | 4.08 eV | 4.47 eV | (3.63 to 4.9) eV superconducting point | median | 0.85 K (kelvins) | highest | 4.154 K (kelvins) (mercury) | lowest | 0.517 K (kelvins) (cadmium)

valence | median | 2 | highest | 2 (3 elements) | lowest | 2 (3 elements) electronegativity | median | 1.69 | highest | 2 (mercury) | lowest | 1.65 (zinc) electron affinity | median | 0 kJ/mol (kilojoules per mole) | highest | 0 kJ/mol (kilojoules per mole) (3 elements) | lowest | 0 kJ/mol (kilojoules per mole) (3 elements) first ionization energy | median | 906.4 kJ/mol (kilojoules per mole) | highest | 1007.1 kJ/mol (kilojoules per mole) (mercury) | lowest | 867.8 kJ/mol (kilojoules per mole) (cadmium) | distribution |

term symbol | all | ^1S_0 atomic radius | median | 150 pm | highest | 155 pm (cadmium) | lowest | 135 pm (zinc) | distribution | covalent radius | median | 132 pm | highest | 144 pm (cadmium) | lowest | 122 pm (zinc) | distribution | van der Waals radius | median | 155 pm | highest | 158 pm (cadmium) | lowest | 139 pm (zinc) (electronic ground state properties)

universe abundance | median | 2×10^-7 mass% | highest | 3×10^-5 mass% (zinc) | lowest | 1×10^-7 mass% (mercury) solar abundance | median | 1.3×10^-6 mass% | highest | 2×10^-4 mass% (zinc) | lowest | 0 mass% (copernicium) meteorite abundance | median | 3.5×10^-5 mass% | highest | 0.018 mass% (zinc) | lowest | 0 mass% (copernicium) crust abundance | median | 1.1×10^-5 mass% | highest | 0.0078 mass% (zinc) | lowest | 0 mass% (copernicium) ocean abundance | median | 5×10^-9 mass% | highest | 5×10^-7 mass% (zinc) | lowest | 0 mass% (copernicium) human abundance | median | 7×10^-5 mass% | highest | 0.0033 mass% (zinc) | lowest | 0 mass% (copernicium) universe molar abundance | median | 2×10^-9 mol% | highest | 6×10^-7 mol% (zinc) | lowest | 6×10^-10 mol% (mercury) solar molar abundance | median | 9.5×10^-9 mol% | highest | 3×10^-6 mol% (zinc) | lowest | 0 mol% (copernicium) meteorite molar abundance | median | 4×10^-6 mol% | highest | 0.0044 mol% (zinc) | lowest | 0 mol% (copernicium) ocean molar abundance | median | 2.1×10^-10 mol% | highest | 4.7×10^-8 mol% (zinc) | lowest | 0 mol% (copernicium) crust molar abundance | median | 1.8×10^-6 mol% | highest | 0.0025 mol% (zinc) | lowest | 0 mol% (copernicium) human molar abundance | median | 3.9×10^-6 mol% | highest | 3.2×10^-4 mol% (zinc) | lowest | 0 mol% (copernicium)