germanium vs carbon vs silicon

germanium (chemical element) | carbon (chemical element) | silicon (chemical element)

Periodic table location

Images

| germanium | carbon | silicon atomic symbol | Ge | C | Si atomic number | 32 | 6 | 14 short electronic configuration | [Ar]4s^23d^104p^2 | [He]2s^22p^2 | [Ne]3s^23p^2 Aufbau diagram | 4p 3d 4s | 2p 2s | 3p 3s block | p | p | p group | 14 | 14 | 14 period | 4 | 2 | 3 atomic mass | 72.63 u | 12.011 u | 28.085 u half-life | (stable) | (stable) | (stable)

| germanium | carbon | silicon phase at STP | solid | solid | solid melting point | 938.3 °C | 3550 °C | 1414 °C boiling point | 2820 °C | 4027 °C | 2900 °C molar heat of fusion | 31.8 kJ/mol | 105 kJ/mol | 50.2 kJ/mol molar heat of vaporization | 334 kJ/mol | 715 kJ/mol | 359 kJ/mol specific heat at STP | 321.4 J/(kg K) | 710 J/(kg K) | 710 J/(kg K) (properties at standard conditions)

| germanium | carbon | silicon density | 5.323 g/cm^3 | 2.26 g/cm^3 | 2.33 g/cm^3 liquid density | 5.6 g/cm^3 | | 2.57 g/cm^3 molar volume | 13.64 cm^3/mol | 5.315 cm^3/mol | 12.05 cm^3/mol Mohs hardness | 6 (≈ microcline) | 0.5 (between talc and gypsum) | 6.5 (between microcline and quartz) Vickers hardness | 8010 MPa | | 9630 MPa Brinell hardness | 7270 MPa | | bulk modulus | (unknown) | 33 GPa | 100 GPa Young's modulus | (unknown) | | 47 GPa refractive index | (unknown) | 2.417 | sound speed | 5400 m/s | 18350 m/s | 2200 m/s thermal expansion | 6×10^-6 K^(-1) | 7.1×10^-6 K^(-1) | 2.6×10^-6 K^(-1) thermal conductivity | 60 W/(m K) | 140 W/(m K) | 150 W/(m K) (properties at standard conditions)

| germanium | carbon | silicon electrical type | semiconductor | conductor | semiconductor resistivity | 5×10^-4 Ω m (ohm meters) | 1×10^-5 Ω m (ohm meters) | 0.001 Ω m (ohm meters) electrical conductivity | 2000 S/m (siemens per meter) | 100000 S/m (siemens per meter) | 1000 S/m (siemens per meter) magnetic type | diamagnetic | diamagnetic | diamagnetic volume magnetic susceptibility | -7.98×10^-6 | -1.4×10^-5 | -3.73×10^-6 mass magnetic susceptibility | -1.5×10^-9 m^3/kg (cubic meters per kilogram) | -6.2×10^-9 m^3/kg (cubic meters per kilogram) | -1.6×10^-9 m^3/kg (cubic meters per kilogram) molar magnetic susceptibility | -1.09×10^-10 m^3/mol (cubic meters per mole) | -7.45×10^-11 m^3/mol (cubic meters per mole) | -4.49×10^-11 m^3/mol (cubic meters per mole) work function | 5 eV (Polycrystalline) | 5 eV (Polycrystalline) | (4.6 to 4.91) eV threshold frequency | 1.209×10^15 Hz (hertz) | 1.209×10^15 Hz (hertz) | (1.112×10^15 to 1.187×10^15) Hz (hertz) color | (gray) | (black) | (gray) refractive index | (unknown) | 2.417 |

| germanium | carbon | silicon valence | 4 | 4 | 4 electronegativity | 2.01 | 2.55 | 1.9 electron affinity | 119 kJ/mol (kilojoules per mole) | 153.9 kJ/mol (kilojoules per mole) | 133.6 kJ/mol (kilojoules per mole) first ionization energy | 762 kJ/mol (kilojoules per mole) | 1086.5 kJ/mol (kilojoules per mole) | 786.5 kJ/mol (kilojoules per mole) ionization energies | 762 kJ/mol | 1537.5 kJ/mol | 3302.1 kJ/mol | 4411 kJ/mol | 9020 kJ/mol | 1086.5 kJ/mol | 2352.6 kJ/mol | 4620.5 kJ/mol | 6222.7 kJ/mol | 37831 kJ/mol | 47277 kJ/mol | 786.5 kJ/mol | 1577.1 kJ/mol | 3231.6 kJ/mol | 4355.5 kJ/mol | 16091 kJ/mol | 19805 kJ/mol | 23780 kJ/mol | 29287 kJ/mol | 33878 kJ/mol | 38726 kJ/mol

Reactivity

| germanium | carbon | silicon term symbol | ^3P_0 | ^3P_0 | ^3P_0 atomic radius | 125 pm | 70 pm | 110 pm covalent radius | 120 pm | 76 pm | 111 pm van der Waals radius | (unknown) | 170 pm | 210 pm (electronic ground state properties)

| germanium | carbon | silicon universe abundance | 2×10^-5 mass% | 0.5 mass% | 0.07 mass% solar abundance | 2×10^-5 mass% | 0.3 mass% | 0.09 mass% meteorite abundance | 0.0021 mass% | 1.5 mass% | 14 mass% crust abundance | 1.4×10^-4 mass% | 0.18 mass% | 27 mass% ocean abundance | 6×10^-9 mass% | 0.0028 mass% | 1×10^-4 mass% human abundance | | 23 mass% | 0.026 mass% universe molar abundance | 3×10^-7 mol% | 0.05 mol% | 0.003 mol% solar molar abundance | 3×10^-7 mol% | 0.03 mol% | 0.004 mol% meteorite molar abundance | 4.9×10^-4 mol% | 1.8 mol% | 10 mol% ocean molar abundance | 5.1×10^-10 mol% | 0.0014 mol% | 2.2×10^-5 mol% crust molar abundance | 3.9×10^-5 mol% | 0.31 mol% | 20 mol% human molar abundance | | 12 mol% | 0.0058 mol%