calcium vs iron vs copper

calcium (chemical element) | iron (chemical element) | copper (chemical element)

Periodic table location

Images

| calcium | iron | copper atomic symbol | Ca | Fe | Cu atomic number | 20 | 26 | 29 short electronic configuration | [Ar]4s^2 | [Ar]4s^23d^6 | [Ar]4s^13d^10 Aufbau diagram | 4s | 3d 4s | 3d 4s block | s | d | d group | 2 | 8 | 11 period | 4 | 4 | 4 atomic mass | 40.078 u | 55.845 u | 63.546 u half-life | (stable) | (stable) | (stable)

| calcium | iron | copper phase at STP | solid | solid | solid melting point | 842 °C | 1538 °C | 1084.62 °C boiling point | 1484 °C | 2861 °C | 2562 °C molar heat of fusion | 8.54 kJ/mol | 13.8 kJ/mol | 13.1 kJ/mol molar heat of vaporization | 155 kJ/mol | 347 kJ/mol | 300 kJ/mol specific heat at STP | 631 J/(kg K) | 449 J/(kg K) | 384.4 J/(kg K) (properties at standard conditions)

| calcium | iron | copper density | 1.55 g/cm^3 | 7.874 g/cm^3 | 8.96 g/cm^3 liquid density | 1.378 g/cm^3 | 6.98 g/cm^3 | 8.02 g/cm^3 molar volume | 25.86 cm^3/mol | 7.092 cm^3/mol | 7.092 cm^3/mol Mohs hardness | 1.75 (between gypsum and talc) | 4 (≈ fluorite) | 3 (≈ calcite) Vickers hardness | | 608 MPa | 369 MPa Brinell hardness | 167 MPa | 490 MPa | 874 MPa bulk modulus | 17 GPa | 170 GPa | 140 GPa shear modulus | 7.4 GPa | 82 GPa | 48 GPa Young's modulus | 20 GPa | 211 GPa | 130 GPa Poisson ratio | 0.31 | 0.29 | 0.34 tensile yield strength | | 50 MPa | sound speed | 3810 m/s | 4910 m/s | 3570 m/s thermal expansion | 2.23×10^-5 K^(-1) | 1.18×10^-5 K^(-1) | 1.65×10^-5 K^(-1) thermal conductivity | 200 W/(m K) | 80 W/(m K) | 400 W/(m K) (properties at standard conditions)

| calcium | iron | copper electrical type | conductor | conductor | conductor resistivity | 3.4×10^-8 Ω m (ohm meters) | 9.7×10^-8 Ω m (ohm meters) | 1.7×10^-8 Ω m (ohm meters) electrical conductivity | 2.9×10^7 S/m (siemens per meter) | 1×10^7 S/m (siemens per meter) | 5.9×10^7 S/m (siemens per meter) magnetic type | paramagnetic | ferromagnetic | diamagnetic volume magnetic susceptibility | 2.139×10^-5 | | -9.63×10^-6 mass magnetic susceptibility | 1.38×10^-8 m^3/kg (cubic meters per kilogram) | | -1.08×10^-9 m^3/kg (cubic meters per kilogram) molar magnetic susceptibility | 5.531×10^-10 m^3/mol (cubic meters per mole) | | -6.86×10^-11 m^3/mol (cubic meters per mole) Curie point | | 1043 K (kelvins) | work function | 2.87 eV (Polycrystalline) | (4.67 to 4.81) eV | (4.48 to 5.1) eV threshold frequency | 6.94×10^14 Hz (hertz) | (1.129×10^15 to 1.163×10^15) Hz (hertz) | (1.083×10^15 to 1.233×10^15) Hz (hertz) color | (silver) | (gray) | (copper)

| calcium | iron | copper valence | 2 | 3 | 2 electronegativity | 1 | 1.83 | 1.9 electron affinity | 2.37 kJ/mol (kilojoules per mole) | 15.7 kJ/mol (kilojoules per mole) | 118.4 kJ/mol (kilojoules per mole) first ionization energy | 589.8 kJ/mol (kilojoules per mole) | 762.5 kJ/mol (kilojoules per mole) | 745.5 kJ/mol (kilojoules per mole) ionization energies | 589.8 kJ/mol | 1145.4 kJ/mol | 4912.4 kJ/mol | 6491 kJ/mol | 8153 kJ/mol | 10496 kJ/mol | 12270 kJ/mol | 14206 kJ/mol | 18191 kJ/mol | 20385 kJ/mol | 57110 kJ/mol | 762.5 kJ/mol | 1561.9 kJ/mol | 2957 kJ/mol | 5290 kJ/mol | 7240 kJ/mol | 9560 kJ/mol | 12060 kJ/mol | 14580 kJ/mol | 22540 kJ/mol | 25290 kJ/mol | 28000 kJ/mol | 31920 kJ/mol | 34830 kJ/mol | 37840 kJ/mol | 44100 kJ/mol | 47206 kJ/mol | 122200 kJ/mol | 131000 kJ/mol | 140500 kJ/mol | 152600 kJ/mol | 163000 kJ/mol | 745.5 kJ/mol | 1957.9 kJ/mol | 3555 kJ/mol | 5536 kJ/mol | 7700 kJ/mol | 9900 kJ/mol | 13400 kJ/mol | 16000 kJ/mol | 19200 kJ/mol | 22400 kJ/mol | 25600 kJ/mol | 35600 kJ/mol | 38700 kJ/mol | 42000 kJ/mol | 46700 kJ/mol | 50200 kJ/mol | 53700 kJ/mol | 61100 kJ/mol | 64702 kJ/mol | 163700 kJ/mol | 174100 kJ/mol

Reactivity

| calcium | iron | copper term symbol | ^1S_0 | ^5D_4 | ^2S_(1/2) atomic radius | 180 pm | 140 pm | 135 pm covalent radius | 176 pm | 132 pm | 132 pm van der Waals radius | | (unknown) | 140 pm (electronic ground state properties)

| calcium | iron | copper universe abundance | 0.007 mass% | 0.11 mass% | 6×10^-6 mass% solar abundance | 0.007 mass% | 0.1 mass% | 7×10^-5 mass% meteorite abundance | 1.1 mass% | 22 mass% | 0.011 mass% crust abundance | 5 mass% | 6.3 mass% | 0.0068 mass% ocean abundance | 4.2×10^-4 mass% | 3×10^-7 mass% | 3×10^-7 mass% human abundance | 1.4 mass% | 0.006 mass% | 1×10^-4 mass% universe molar abundance | 2×10^-4 mol% | 0.002 mol% | 1×10^-7 mol% solar molar abundance | 2×10^-4 mol% | 0.003 mol% | 9.9×10^-7 mol% meteorite molar abundance | 0.52 mol% | 7.8 mol% | 0.0031 mol% ocean molar abundance | 6.5×10^-5 mol% | 3.3×10^-8 mol% | 2.9×10^-8 mol% crust molar abundance | 2.6 mol% | 2.3 mol% | 0.0022 mol% human molar abundance | 0.22 mol% | 6.7×10^-4 mol% | 9.9×10^-6 mol%