semiconductors

semiconductors

germanium | silicon | tellurium

Periodic table location

Images

| germanium | silicon | tellurium atomic symbol | Ge | Si | Te atomic number | 32 | 14 | 52 short electronic configuration | [Ar]4s^23d^104p^2 | [Ne]3s^23p^2 | [Kr]5s^24d^105p^4 Aufbau diagram | 4p 3d 4s | 3p 3s | 5p 4d 5s block | p | p | p group | 14 | 14 | 16 period | 4 | 3 | 5 atomic mass | 72.63 u | 28.085 u | 127.6 u half-life | (stable) | (stable) | (stable)

| germanium | silicon | tellurium phase at STP | solid | solid | solid melting point | 938.3 °C | 1414 °C | 449.51 °C boiling point | 2820 °C | 2900 °C | 988 °C molar heat of fusion | 31.8 kJ/mol | 50.2 kJ/mol | 17.5 kJ/mol molar heat of vaporization | 334 kJ/mol | 359 kJ/mol | 48 kJ/mol specific heat at STP | 321.4 J/(kg K) | 710 J/(kg K) | 201 J/(kg K) (properties at standard conditions)

| germanium | silicon | tellurium density | 5.323 g/cm^3 | 2.33 g/cm^3 | 6.24 g/cm^3 liquid density | 5.6 g/cm^3 | 2.57 g/cm^3 | 5.7 g/cm^3 molar volume | 13.64 cm^3/mol | 12.05 cm^3/mol | 20.45 cm^3/mol Mohs hardness | 6 (≈ microcline) | 6.5 (between microcline and quartz) | 2.25 (between gypsum and calcite) Vickers hardness | 8010 MPa | 9630 MPa | Brinell hardness | 7270 MPa | | 180 MPa bulk modulus | (unknown) | 100 GPa | 65 GPa shear modulus | (unknown) | | 16 GPa Young's modulus | (unknown) | 47 GPa | 43 GPa ultimate tensile strength | | | 11 MPa refractive index | (unknown) | | 1.000991 sound speed | 5400 m/s | 2200 m/s | 2610 m/s thermal expansion | 6×10^-6 K^(-1) | 2.6×10^-6 K^(-1) | thermal conductivity | 60 W/(m K) | 150 W/(m K) | 3 W/(m K) (properties at standard conditions)

| germanium | silicon | tellurium electrical type | semiconductor | semiconductor | semiconductor resistivity | 5×10^-4 Ω m (ohm meters) | 0.001 Ω m (ohm meters) | 1×10^-4 Ω m (ohm meters) electrical conductivity | 2000 S/m (siemens per meter) | 1000 S/m (siemens per meter) | 10000 S/m (siemens per meter) magnetic type | diamagnetic | diamagnetic | diamagnetic volume magnetic susceptibility | -7.98×10^-6 | -3.73×10^-6 | -2.43×10^-5 mass magnetic susceptibility | -1.5×10^-9 m^3/kg (cubic meters per kilogram) | -1.6×10^-9 m^3/kg (cubic meters per kilogram) | -3.9×10^-9 m^3/kg (cubic meters per kilogram) molar magnetic susceptibility | -1.09×10^-10 m^3/mol (cubic meters per mole) | -4.49×10^-11 m^3/mol (cubic meters per mole) | -4.98×10^-10 m^3/mol (cubic meters per mole) work function | 5 eV (Polycrystalline) | (4.6 to 4.91) eV | 4.95 eV (Polycrystalline) threshold frequency | 1.209×10^15 Hz (hertz) | (1.112×10^15 to 1.187×10^15) Hz (hertz) | 1.197×10^15 Hz (hertz) color | (gray) | (gray) | (silver) refractive index | (unknown) | | 1.000991

| germanium | silicon | tellurium valence | 4 | 4 | 6 electronegativity | 2.01 | 1.9 | 2.1 electron affinity | 119 kJ/mol (kilojoules per mole) | 133.6 kJ/mol (kilojoules per mole) | 190.2 kJ/mol (kilojoules per mole) first ionization energy | 762 kJ/mol (kilojoules per mole) | 786.5 kJ/mol (kilojoules per mole) | 869.3 kJ/mol (kilojoules per mole) ionization energies | 762 kJ/mol | 1537.5 kJ/mol | 3302.1 kJ/mol | 4411 kJ/mol | 9020 kJ/mol | 786.5 kJ/mol | 1577.1 kJ/mol | 3231.6 kJ/mol | 4355.5 kJ/mol | 16091 kJ/mol | 19805 kJ/mol | 23780 kJ/mol | 29287 kJ/mol | 33878 kJ/mol | 38726 kJ/mol | 869.3 kJ/mol | 1790 kJ/mol | 2698 kJ/mol | 3610 kJ/mol | 5668 kJ/mol | 6820 kJ/mol | 13200 kJ/mol

Reactivity

| germanium | silicon | tellurium term symbol | ^3P_0 | ^3P_0 | ^3P_2 atomic radius | 125 pm | 110 pm | 140 pm covalent radius | 120 pm | 111 pm | 138 pm van der Waals radius | (unknown) | 210 pm | 206 pm (electronic ground state properties)

| germanium | silicon | tellurium universe abundance | 2×10^-5 mass% | 0.07 mass% | 9×10^-7 mass% solar abundance | 2×10^-5 mass% | 0.09 mass% | meteorite abundance | 0.0021 mass% | 14 mass% | 2.1×10^-4 mass% crust abundance | 1.4×10^-4 mass% | 27 mass% | 9.9×10^-8 mass% ocean abundance | 6×10^-9 mass% | 1×10^-4 mass% | human abundance | | 0.026 mass% | universe molar abundance | 3×10^-7 mol% | 0.003 mol% | 9×10^-9 mol% solar molar abundance | 3×10^-7 mol% | 0.004 mol% | meteorite molar abundance | 4.9×10^-4 mol% | 10 mol% | 3×10^-5 mol% ocean molar abundance | 5.1×10^-10 mol% | 2.2×10^-5 mol% | crust molar abundance | 3.9×10^-5 mol% | 20 mol% | 2×10^-8 mol% human molar abundance | | 0.0058 mol% |