KClO = KCl + KClO4

KClO ⟶ KCl potassium chloride + KClO_4 potassium perchlorate

Balance the chemical equation algebraically: KClO ⟶ KCl + KClO_4 Add stoichiometric coefficients, c_i, to the reactants and products: c_1 KClO ⟶ c_2 KCl + c_3 KClO_4 Set the number of atoms in the reactants equal to the number of atoms in the products for K, Cl and O: K: | c_1 = c_2 + c_3 Cl: | c_1 = c_2 + c_3 O: | c_1 = 4 c_3 Since the coefficients are relative quantities and underdetermined, choose a coefficient to set arbitrarily. To keep the coefficients small, the arbitrary value is ordinarily one. For instance, set c_3 = 1 and solve the system of equations for the remaining coefficients: c_1 = 4 c_2 = 3 c_3 = 1 Substitute the coefficients into the chemical reaction to obtain the balanced equation: Answer: | | 4 KClO ⟶ 3 KCl + KClO_4

KClO ⟶ +

KClO ⟶ potassium chloride + potassium perchlorate

Construct the equilibrium constant, K, expression for: KClO ⟶ KCl + KClO_4 Plan: • Balance the chemical equation. • Determine the stoichiometric numbers. • Assemble the activity expression for each chemical species. • Use the activity expressions to build the equilibrium constant expression. Write the balanced chemical equation: 4 KClO ⟶ 3 KCl + KClO_4 Assign stoichiometric numbers, ν_i, using the stoichiometric coefficients, c_i, from the balanced chemical equation in the following manner: ν_i = -c_i for reactants and ν_i = c_i for products: chemical species | c_i | ν_i KClO | 4 | -4 KCl | 3 | 3 KClO_4 | 1 | 1 Assemble the activity expressions accounting for the state of matter and ν_i: chemical species | c_i | ν_i | activity expression KClO | 4 | -4 | ([KClO])^(-4) KCl | 3 | 3 | ([KCl])^3 KClO_4 | 1 | 1 | [KClO4] The equilibrium constant symbol in the concentration basis is: K_c Mulitply the activity expressions to arrive at the K_c expression: Answer: | | K_c = ([KClO])^(-4) ([KCl])^3 [KClO4] = (([KCl])^3 [KClO4])/([KClO])^4

Construct the rate of reaction expression for: KClO ⟶ KCl + KClO_4 Plan: • Balance the chemical equation. • Determine the stoichiometric numbers. • Assemble the rate term for each chemical species. • Write the rate of reaction expression. Write the balanced chemical equation: 4 KClO ⟶ 3 KCl + KClO_4 Assign stoichiometric numbers, ν_i, using the stoichiometric coefficients, c_i, from the balanced chemical equation in the following manner: ν_i = -c_i for reactants and ν_i = c_i for products: chemical species | c_i | ν_i KClO | 4 | -4 KCl | 3 | 3 KClO_4 | 1 | 1 The rate term for each chemical species, B_i, is 1/ν_i(Δ[B_i])/(Δt) where [B_i] is the amount concentration and t is time: chemical species | c_i | ν_i | rate term KClO | 4 | -4 | -1/4 (Δ[KClO])/(Δt) KCl | 3 | 3 | 1/3 (Δ[KCl])/(Δt) KClO_4 | 1 | 1 | (Δ[KClO4])/(Δt) (for infinitesimal rate of change, replace Δ with d) Set the rate terms equal to each other to arrive at the rate expression: Answer: | | rate = -1/4 (Δ[KClO])/(Δt) = 1/3 (Δ[KCl])/(Δt) = (Δ[KClO4])/(Δt) (assuming constant volume and no accumulation of intermediates or side products)

| KClO | potassium chloride | potassium perchlorate formula | KClO | KCl | KClO_4 Hill formula | ClKO | ClK | ClKO_4 name | | potassium chloride | potassium perchlorate

| KClO | potassium chloride | potassium perchlorate molar mass | 90.55 g/mol | 74.55 g/mol | 138.54 g/mol phase | | solid (at STP) | solid (at STP) melting point | | 770 °C | 400 °C boiling point | | 1420 °C | density | | 1.98 g/cm^3 | 2.5239 g/cm^3 solubility in water | | soluble | odor | | odorless |