O2 + MnO = Mn2O3

O_2 oxygen + MnO manganese monoxide ⟶ Mn_2O_3 manganese(III) oxide

Balance the chemical equation algebraically: O_2 + MnO ⟶ Mn_2O_3 Add stoichiometric coefficients, c_i, to the reactants and products: c_1 O_2 + c_2 MnO ⟶ c_3 Mn_2O_3 Set the number of atoms in the reactants equal to the number of atoms in the products for O and Mn: O: | 2 c_1 + c_2 = 3 c_3 Mn: | c_2 = 2 c_3 Since the coefficients are relative quantities and underdetermined, choose a coefficient to set arbitrarily. To keep the coefficients small, the arbitrary value is ordinarily one. For instance, set c_1 = 1 and solve the system of equations for the remaining coefficients: c_1 = 1 c_2 = 4 c_3 = 2 Substitute the coefficients into the chemical reaction to obtain the balanced equation: Answer: | | O_2 + 4 MnO ⟶ 2 Mn_2O_3

+ ⟶

oxygen + manganese monoxide ⟶ manganese(III) oxide

| oxygen | manganese monoxide | manganese(III) oxide molecular enthalpy | 0 kJ/mol | -385.2 kJ/mol | -959 kJ/mol total enthalpy | 0 kJ/mol | -1541 kJ/mol | -1918 kJ/mol | H_initial = -1541 kJ/mol | | H_final = -1918 kJ/mol ΔH_rxn^0 | -1918 kJ/mol - -1541 kJ/mol = -377.2 kJ/mol (exothermic) | |

| oxygen | manganese monoxide | manganese(III) oxide molecular free energy | 231.7 kJ/mol | -362.9 kJ/mol | -881.1 kJ/mol total free energy | 231.7 kJ/mol | -1452 kJ/mol | -1762 kJ/mol | G_initial = -1220 kJ/mol | | G_final = -1762 kJ/mol ΔG_rxn^0 | -1762 kJ/mol - -1220 kJ/mol = -542.3 kJ/mol (exergonic) | |

| oxygen | manganese monoxide | manganese(III) oxide molecular entropy | 205 J/(mol K) | 60 J/(mol K) | 110 J/(mol K) total entropy | 205 J/(mol K) | 240 J/(mol K) | 220 J/(mol K) | S_initial = 445 J/(mol K) | | S_final = 220 J/(mol K) ΔS_rxn^0 | 220 J/(mol K) - 445 J/(mol K) = -225 J/(mol K) (exoentropic) | |

Construct the equilibrium constant, K, expression for: O_2 + MnO ⟶ Mn_2O_3 Plan: • Balance the chemical equation. • Determine the stoichiometric numbers. • Assemble the activity expression for each chemical species. • Use the activity expressions to build the equilibrium constant expression. Write the balanced chemical equation: O_2 + 4 MnO ⟶ 2 Mn_2O_3 Assign stoichiometric numbers, ν_i, using the stoichiometric coefficients, c_i, from the balanced chemical equation in the following manner: ν_i = -c_i for reactants and ν_i = c_i for products: chemical species | c_i | ν_i O_2 | 1 | -1 MnO | 4 | -4 Mn_2O_3 | 2 | 2 Assemble the activity expressions accounting for the state of matter and ν_i: chemical species | c_i | ν_i | activity expression O_2 | 1 | -1 | ([O2])^(-1) MnO | 4 | -4 | ([MnO])^(-4) Mn_2O_3 | 2 | 2 | ([Mn2O3])^2 The equilibrium constant symbol in the concentration basis is: K_c Mulitply the activity expressions to arrive at the K_c expression: Answer: | | K_c = ([O2])^(-1) ([MnO])^(-4) ([Mn2O3])^2 = ([Mn2O3])^2/([O2] ([MnO])^4)

Construct the rate of reaction expression for: O_2 + MnO ⟶ Mn_2O_3 Plan: • Balance the chemical equation. • Determine the stoichiometric numbers. • Assemble the rate term for each chemical species. • Write the rate of reaction expression. Write the balanced chemical equation: O_2 + 4 MnO ⟶ 2 Mn_2O_3 Assign stoichiometric numbers, ν_i, using the stoichiometric coefficients, c_i, from the balanced chemical equation in the following manner: ν_i = -c_i for reactants and ν_i = c_i for products: chemical species | c_i | ν_i O_2 | 1 | -1 MnO | 4 | -4 Mn_2O_3 | 2 | 2 The rate term for each chemical species, B_i, is 1/ν_i(Δ[B_i])/(Δt) where [B_i] is the amount concentration and t is time: chemical species | c_i | ν_i | rate term O_2 | 1 | -1 | -(Δ[O2])/(Δt) MnO | 4 | -4 | -1/4 (Δ[MnO])/(Δt) Mn_2O_3 | 2 | 2 | 1/2 (Δ[Mn2O3])/(Δt) (for infinitesimal rate of change, replace Δ with d) Set the rate terms equal to each other to arrive at the rate expression: Answer: | | rate = -(Δ[O2])/(Δt) = -1/4 (Δ[MnO])/(Δt) = 1/2 (Δ[Mn2O3])/(Δt) (assuming constant volume and no accumulation of intermediates or side products)

| oxygen | manganese monoxide | manganese(III) oxide formula | O_2 | MnO | Mn_2O_3 name | oxygen | manganese monoxide | manganese(III) oxide IUPAC name | molecular oxygen | oxomanganese | oxo-(oxomanganiooxy)manganese

| oxygen | manganese monoxide | manganese(III) oxide molar mass | 31.998 g/mol | 70.937 g/mol | 157.873 g/mol phase | gas (at STP) | solid (at STP) | solid (at STP) melting point | -218 °C | 1840 °C | 1347 °C boiling point | -183 °C | | density | 0.001429 g/cm^3 (at 0 °C) | 5.45 g/cm^3 | 4.5 g/cm^3 solubility in water | | insoluble | surface tension | 0.01347 N/m | | dynamic viscosity | 2.055×10^-5 Pa s (at 25 °C) | | odor | odorless | |