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polonium vs sulfur vs selenium

Input interpretation

polonium (chemical element) | sulfur (chemical element) | selenium (chemical element)
polonium (chemical element) | sulfur (chemical element) | selenium (chemical element)

Periodic table location

Periodic table location
Periodic table location

Images

Images
Images

Basic elemental properties

| polonium | sulfur | selenium atomic symbol | Po | S | Se atomic number | 84 | 16 | 34 short electronic configuration | [Xe]6s^24f^145d^106p^4 | [Ne]3s^23p^4 | [Ar]4s^23d^104p^4 Aufbau diagram | 6p 5d 4f 6s | 3p 3s | 4p 3d 4s block | p | p | p group | 16 | 16 | 16 period | 6 | 3 | 4 atomic mass | 209 u | 32.06 u | 78.971 u half-life | 102 yr | (stable) | (stable)
| polonium | sulfur | selenium atomic symbol | Po | S | Se atomic number | 84 | 16 | 34 short electronic configuration | [Xe]6s^24f^145d^106p^4 | [Ne]3s^23p^4 | [Ar]4s^23d^104p^4 Aufbau diagram | 6p 5d 4f 6s | 3p 3s | 4p 3d 4s block | p | p | p group | 16 | 16 | 16 period | 6 | 3 | 4 atomic mass | 209 u | 32.06 u | 78.971 u half-life | 102 yr | (stable) | (stable)

Thermodynamic properties

| polonium | sulfur | selenium phase at STP | solid | solid | solid melting point | 254 °C | 115.21 °C | 221 °C boiling point | 962 °C | 444.72 °C | 685 °C critical temperature | | 1314 K | 1766 K critical pressure | | 20.7 MPa | 27.2 MPa molar heat of fusion | 13 kJ/mol | 1.73 kJ/mol | 5.4 kJ/mol molar heat of vaporization | 100 kJ/mol | 9.8 kJ/mol | 26 kJ/mol specific heat at STP | | 705 J/(kg K) | 321.2 J/(kg K) (properties at standard conditions)
| polonium | sulfur | selenium phase at STP | solid | solid | solid melting point | 254 °C | 115.21 °C | 221 °C boiling point | 962 °C | 444.72 °C | 685 °C critical temperature | | 1314 K | 1766 K critical pressure | | 20.7 MPa | 27.2 MPa molar heat of fusion | 13 kJ/mol | 1.73 kJ/mol | 5.4 kJ/mol molar heat of vaporization | 100 kJ/mol | 9.8 kJ/mol | 26 kJ/mol specific heat at STP | | 705 J/(kg K) | 321.2 J/(kg K) (properties at standard conditions)

Material properties

| polonium | sulfur | selenium density | 9.196 g/cm^3 | 1.96 g/cm^3 | 4.819 g/cm^3 liquid density | | 1.819 g/cm^3 | 3.99 g/cm^3 molar volume | 22.7 cm^3/mol | 16.36 cm^3/mol | 16.39 cm^3/mol Mohs hardness | | 2 (≈ gypsum) | 2 (≈ gypsum) Brinell hardness | | | 736 MPa bulk modulus | | 7.7 GPa | 8.3 GPa shear modulus | | | 3.7 GPa Young's modulus | | | 10 GPa Poisson ratio | | | 0.33 refractive index | | 1.001111 | 1.000895 sound speed | | | 3350 m/s thermal conductivity | | 0.205 W/(m K) | 0.52 W/(m K) (properties at standard conditions)
| polonium | sulfur | selenium density | 9.196 g/cm^3 | 1.96 g/cm^3 | 4.819 g/cm^3 liquid density | | 1.819 g/cm^3 | 3.99 g/cm^3 molar volume | 22.7 cm^3/mol | 16.36 cm^3/mol | 16.39 cm^3/mol Mohs hardness | | 2 (≈ gypsum) | 2 (≈ gypsum) Brinell hardness | | | 736 MPa bulk modulus | | 7.7 GPa | 8.3 GPa shear modulus | | | 3.7 GPa Young's modulus | | | 10 GPa Poisson ratio | | | 0.33 refractive index | | 1.001111 | 1.000895 sound speed | | | 3350 m/s thermal conductivity | | 0.205 W/(m K) | 0.52 W/(m K) (properties at standard conditions)

Electromagnetic properties

| polonium | sulfur | selenium electrical type | conductor | insulator | resistivity | 4.3×10^-7 Ω m (ohm meters) | 1×10^15 Ω m (ohm meters) | electrical conductivity | 2.3×10^6 S/m (siemens per meter) | 1×10^-15 S/m (siemens per meter) | magnetic type | | diamagnetic | diamagnetic volume magnetic susceptibility | | -1.22×10^-5 | -1.93×10^-5 mass magnetic susceptibility | | -6.2×10^-9 m^3/kg (cubic meters per kilogram) | -4×10^-9 m^3/kg (cubic meters per kilogram) molar magnetic susceptibility | | -1.99×10^-10 m^3/mol (cubic meters per mole) | -3.16×10^-10 m^3/mol (cubic meters per mole) work function | | | 5.9 eV (Polycrystalline) threshold frequency | | | 1.427×10^15 Hz (hertz) color | (silver) | (yellow) | (gray) refractive index | | 1.001111 | 1.000895
| polonium | sulfur | selenium electrical type | conductor | insulator | resistivity | 4.3×10^-7 Ω m (ohm meters) | 1×10^15 Ω m (ohm meters) | electrical conductivity | 2.3×10^6 S/m (siemens per meter) | 1×10^-15 S/m (siemens per meter) | magnetic type | | diamagnetic | diamagnetic volume magnetic susceptibility | | -1.22×10^-5 | -1.93×10^-5 mass magnetic susceptibility | | -6.2×10^-9 m^3/kg (cubic meters per kilogram) | -4×10^-9 m^3/kg (cubic meters per kilogram) molar magnetic susceptibility | | -1.99×10^-10 m^3/mol (cubic meters per mole) | -3.16×10^-10 m^3/mol (cubic meters per mole) work function | | | 5.9 eV (Polycrystalline) threshold frequency | | | 1.427×10^15 Hz (hertz) color | (silver) | (yellow) | (gray) refractive index | | 1.001111 | 1.000895

Reactivity

| polonium | sulfur | selenium valence | 6 | 6 | 6 electronegativity | 2 | 2.58 | 2.55 electron affinity | 183.3 kJ/mol (kilojoules per mole) | 200 kJ/mol (kilojoules per mole) | 195 kJ/mol (kilojoules per mole) first ionization energy | 812.1 kJ/mol (kilojoules per mole) | 999.6 kJ/mol (kilojoules per mole) | 941 kJ/mol (kilojoules per mole) ionization energies | 812.1 kJ/mol | 999.6 kJ/mol | 2252 kJ/mol | 3357 kJ/mol | 4556 kJ/mol | 7004.3 kJ/mol | 8495.8 kJ/mol | 27107 kJ/mol | 31719 kJ/mol | 36621 kJ/mol | 43177 kJ/mol | 941 kJ/mol | 2045 kJ/mol | 2973.7 kJ/mol | 4144 kJ/mol | 6590 kJ/mol | 7880 kJ/mol | 14990 kJ/mol
| polonium | sulfur | selenium valence | 6 | 6 | 6 electronegativity | 2 | 2.58 | 2.55 electron affinity | 183.3 kJ/mol (kilojoules per mole) | 200 kJ/mol (kilojoules per mole) | 195 kJ/mol (kilojoules per mole) first ionization energy | 812.1 kJ/mol (kilojoules per mole) | 999.6 kJ/mol (kilojoules per mole) | 941 kJ/mol (kilojoules per mole) ionization energies | 812.1 kJ/mol | 999.6 kJ/mol | 2252 kJ/mol | 3357 kJ/mol | 4556 kJ/mol | 7004.3 kJ/mol | 8495.8 kJ/mol | 27107 kJ/mol | 31719 kJ/mol | 36621 kJ/mol | 43177 kJ/mol | 941 kJ/mol | 2045 kJ/mol | 2973.7 kJ/mol | 4144 kJ/mol | 6590 kJ/mol | 7880 kJ/mol | 14990 kJ/mol
Reactivity
Reactivity

Atomic properties

| polonium | sulfur | selenium term symbol | ^3P_2 | ^3P_2 | ^3P_2 atomic radius | 190 pm | 100 pm | 115 pm covalent radius | 140 pm | 105 pm | 120 pm van der Waals radius | | 180 pm | 190 pm (electronic ground state properties)
| polonium | sulfur | selenium term symbol | ^3P_2 | ^3P_2 | ^3P_2 atomic radius | 190 pm | 100 pm | 115 pm covalent radius | 140 pm | 105 pm | 120 pm van der Waals radius | | 180 pm | 190 pm (electronic ground state properties)

Abundances

| polonium | sulfur | selenium universe abundance | | 0.05 mass% | 3×10^-6 mass% solar abundance | | 0.04 mass% | meteorite abundance | | 4 mass% | 0.0013 mass% crust abundance | | 0.042 mass% | 5×10^-6 mass% ocean abundance | 2×10^-18 mass% | 0.093 mass% | 4.5×10^-8 mass% human abundance | 0 mass% | 0.2 mass% | 5×10^-6 mass% universe molar abundance | | 0.002 mol% | 5×10^-8 mol% solar molar abundance | | 9.9×10^-4 mol% | meteorite molar abundance | | 2.2 mol% | 2.9×10^-4 mol% ocean molar abundance | 6×10^-6 mol% | 0.018 mol% | 3.5×10^-9 mol% crust molar abundance | | 0.027 mol% | 9.9×10^-7 mol% human molar abundance | 0 mol% | 0.039 mol% | 4×10^-7 mol%
| polonium | sulfur | selenium universe abundance | | 0.05 mass% | 3×10^-6 mass% solar abundance | | 0.04 mass% | meteorite abundance | | 4 mass% | 0.0013 mass% crust abundance | | 0.042 mass% | 5×10^-6 mass% ocean abundance | 2×10^-18 mass% | 0.093 mass% | 4.5×10^-8 mass% human abundance | 0 mass% | 0.2 mass% | 5×10^-6 mass% universe molar abundance | | 0.002 mol% | 5×10^-8 mol% solar molar abundance | | 9.9×10^-4 mol% | meteorite molar abundance | | 2.2 mol% | 2.9×10^-4 mol% ocean molar abundance | 6×10^-6 mol% | 0.018 mol% | 3.5×10^-9 mol% crust molar abundance | | 0.027 mol% | 9.9×10^-7 mol% human molar abundance | 0 mol% | 0.039 mol% | 4×10^-7 mol%

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