Na2SO4 + AgNO3 = NaNO3 + Ag2SO4

Na_2SO_4 sodium sulfate + AgNO_3 silver nitrate ⟶ NaNO_3 sodium nitrate + Ag_2SO_4 silver sulfate

Balance the chemical equation algebraically: Na_2SO_4 + AgNO_3 ⟶ NaNO_3 + Ag_2SO_4 Add stoichiometric coefficients, c_i, to the reactants and products: c_1 Na_2SO_4 + c_2 AgNO_3 ⟶ c_3 NaNO_3 + c_4 Ag_2SO_4 Set the number of atoms in the reactants equal to the number of atoms in the products for Na, O, S, Ag and N: Na: | 2 c_1 = c_3 O: | 4 c_1 + 3 c_2 = 3 c_3 + 4 c_4 S: | c_1 = c_4 Ag: | c_2 = 2 c_4 N: | c_2 = c_3 Since the coefficients are relative quantities and underdetermined, choose a coefficient to set arbitrarily. To keep the coefficients small, the arbitrary value is ordinarily one. For instance, set c_1 = 1 and solve the system of equations for the remaining coefficients: c_1 = 1 c_2 = 2 c_3 = 2 c_4 = 1 Substitute the coefficients into the chemical reaction to obtain the balanced equation: Answer: | | Na_2SO_4 + 2 AgNO_3 ⟶ 2 NaNO_3 + Ag_2SO_4

+ ⟶ +

sodium sulfate + silver nitrate ⟶ sodium nitrate + silver sulfate

| sodium sulfate | silver nitrate | sodium nitrate | silver sulfate molecular enthalpy | -1387 kJ/mol | -124.4 kJ/mol | -467.9 kJ/mol | -715.9 kJ/mol total enthalpy | -1387 kJ/mol | -248.8 kJ/mol | -935.8 kJ/mol | -715.9 kJ/mol | H_initial = -1636 kJ/mol | | H_final = -1652 kJ/mol | ΔH_rxn^0 | -1652 kJ/mol - -1636 kJ/mol = -15.8 kJ/mol (exothermic) | | |

| sodium sulfate | silver nitrate | sodium nitrate | silver sulfate molecular free energy | -1270 kJ/mol | -33.4 kJ/mol | -366 kJ/mol | -618.4 kJ/mol total free energy | -1270 kJ/mol | -66.8 kJ/mol | -732 kJ/mol | -618.4 kJ/mol | G_initial = -1337 kJ/mol | | G_final = -1350 kJ/mol | ΔG_rxn^0 | -1350 kJ/mol - -1337 kJ/mol = -13.4 kJ/mol (exergonic) | | |

Construct the equilibrium constant, K, expression for: Na_2SO_4 + AgNO_3 ⟶ NaNO_3 + Ag_2SO_4 Plan: • Balance the chemical equation. • Determine the stoichiometric numbers. • Assemble the activity expression for each chemical species. • Use the activity expressions to build the equilibrium constant expression. Write the balanced chemical equation: Na_2SO_4 + 2 AgNO_3 ⟶ 2 NaNO_3 + Ag_2SO_4 Assign stoichiometric numbers, ν_i, using the stoichiometric coefficients, c_i, from the balanced chemical equation in the following manner: ν_i = -c_i for reactants and ν_i = c_i for products: chemical species | c_i | ν_i Na_2SO_4 | 1 | -1 AgNO_3 | 2 | -2 NaNO_3 | 2 | 2 Ag_2SO_4 | 1 | 1 Assemble the activity expressions accounting for the state of matter and ν_i: chemical species | c_i | ν_i | activity expression Na_2SO_4 | 1 | -1 | ([Na2SO4])^(-1) AgNO_3 | 2 | -2 | ([AgNO3])^(-2) NaNO_3 | 2 | 2 | ([NaNO3])^2 Ag_2SO_4 | 1 | 1 | [Ag2SO4] The equilibrium constant symbol in the concentration basis is: K_c Mulitply the activity expressions to arrive at the K_c expression: Answer: | | K_c = ([Na2SO4])^(-1) ([AgNO3])^(-2) ([NaNO3])^2 [Ag2SO4] = (([NaNO3])^2 [Ag2SO4])/([Na2SO4] ([AgNO3])^2)

Construct the rate of reaction expression for: Na_2SO_4 + AgNO_3 ⟶ NaNO_3 + Ag_2SO_4 Plan: • Balance the chemical equation. • Determine the stoichiometric numbers. • Assemble the rate term for each chemical species. • Write the rate of reaction expression. Write the balanced chemical equation: Na_2SO_4 + 2 AgNO_3 ⟶ 2 NaNO_3 + Ag_2SO_4 Assign stoichiometric numbers, ν_i, using the stoichiometric coefficients, c_i, from the balanced chemical equation in the following manner: ν_i = -c_i for reactants and ν_i = c_i for products: chemical species | c_i | ν_i Na_2SO_4 | 1 | -1 AgNO_3 | 2 | -2 NaNO_3 | 2 | 2 Ag_2SO_4 | 1 | 1 The rate term for each chemical species, B_i, is 1/ν_i(Δ[B_i])/(Δt) where [B_i] is the amount concentration and t is time: chemical species | c_i | ν_i | rate term Na_2SO_4 | 1 | -1 | -(Δ[Na2SO4])/(Δt) AgNO_3 | 2 | -2 | -1/2 (Δ[AgNO3])/(Δt) NaNO_3 | 2 | 2 | 1/2 (Δ[NaNO3])/(Δt) Ag_2SO_4 | 1 | 1 | (Δ[Ag2SO4])/(Δt) (for infinitesimal rate of change, replace Δ with d) Set the rate terms equal to each other to arrive at the rate expression: Answer: | | rate = -(Δ[Na2SO4])/(Δt) = -1/2 (Δ[AgNO3])/(Δt) = 1/2 (Δ[NaNO3])/(Δt) = (Δ[Ag2SO4])/(Δt) (assuming constant volume and no accumulation of intermediates or side products)

| sodium sulfate | silver nitrate | sodium nitrate | silver sulfate formula | Na_2SO_4 | AgNO_3 | NaNO_3 | Ag_2SO_4 Hill formula | Na_2O_4S | AgNO_3 | NNaO_3 | Ag_2O_4S name | sodium sulfate | silver nitrate | sodium nitrate | silver sulfate IUPAC name | disodium sulfate | silver nitrate | sodium nitrate | disilver sulfate

| sodium sulfate | silver nitrate | sodium nitrate | silver sulfate molar mass | 142.04 g/mol | 169.87 g/mol | 84.994 g/mol | 311.79 g/mol phase | solid (at STP) | solid (at STP) | solid (at STP) | solid (at STP) melting point | 884 °C | 212 °C | 306 °C | 652 °C boiling point | 1429 °C | | | density | 2.68 g/cm^3 | | 2.26 g/cm^3 | solubility in water | soluble | soluble | soluble | slightly soluble dynamic viscosity | | | 0.003 Pa s (at 250 °C) | odor | | odorless | |