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Ca(OH)2 + (NH4)2SO4 = H2O + NH3 + CaSO4

Input interpretation

Ca(OH)_2 calcium hydroxide + (NH_4)_2SO_4 ammonium sulfate ⟶ H_2O water + NH_3 ammonia + CaSO_4 calcium sulfate
Ca(OH)_2 calcium hydroxide + (NH_4)_2SO_4 ammonium sulfate ⟶ H_2O water + NH_3 ammonia + CaSO_4 calcium sulfate

Balanced equation

Balance the chemical equation algebraically: Ca(OH)_2 + (NH_4)_2SO_4 ⟶ H_2O + NH_3 + CaSO_4 Add stoichiometric coefficients, c_i, to the reactants and products: c_1 Ca(OH)_2 + c_2 (NH_4)_2SO_4 ⟶ c_3 H_2O + c_4 NH_3 + c_5 CaSO_4 Set the number of atoms in the reactants equal to the number of atoms in the products for Ca, H, O, N and S: Ca: | c_1 = c_5 H: | 2 c_1 + 8 c_2 = 2 c_3 + 3 c_4 O: | 2 c_1 + 4 c_2 = c_3 + 4 c_5 N: | 2 c_2 = c_4 S: | c_2 = c_5 Since the coefficients are relative quantities and underdetermined, choose a coefficient to set arbitrarily. To keep the coefficients small, the arbitrary value is ordinarily one. For instance, set c_1 = 1 and solve the system of equations for the remaining coefficients: c_1 = 1 c_2 = 1 c_3 = 2 c_4 = 2 c_5 = 1 Substitute the coefficients into the chemical reaction to obtain the balanced equation: Answer: | | Ca(OH)_2 + (NH_4)_2SO_4 ⟶ 2 H_2O + 2 NH_3 + CaSO_4
Balance the chemical equation algebraically: Ca(OH)_2 + (NH_4)_2SO_4 ⟶ H_2O + NH_3 + CaSO_4 Add stoichiometric coefficients, c_i, to the reactants and products: c_1 Ca(OH)_2 + c_2 (NH_4)_2SO_4 ⟶ c_3 H_2O + c_4 NH_3 + c_5 CaSO_4 Set the number of atoms in the reactants equal to the number of atoms in the products for Ca, H, O, N and S: Ca: | c_1 = c_5 H: | 2 c_1 + 8 c_2 = 2 c_3 + 3 c_4 O: | 2 c_1 + 4 c_2 = c_3 + 4 c_5 N: | 2 c_2 = c_4 S: | c_2 = c_5 Since the coefficients are relative quantities and underdetermined, choose a coefficient to set arbitrarily. To keep the coefficients small, the arbitrary value is ordinarily one. For instance, set c_1 = 1 and solve the system of equations for the remaining coefficients: c_1 = 1 c_2 = 1 c_3 = 2 c_4 = 2 c_5 = 1 Substitute the coefficients into the chemical reaction to obtain the balanced equation: Answer: | | Ca(OH)_2 + (NH_4)_2SO_4 ⟶ 2 H_2O + 2 NH_3 + CaSO_4

Structures

+ ⟶ + +
+ ⟶ + +

Names

calcium hydroxide + ammonium sulfate ⟶ water + ammonia + calcium sulfate
calcium hydroxide + ammonium sulfate ⟶ water + ammonia + calcium sulfate

Equilibrium constant

Construct the equilibrium constant, K, expression for: Ca(OH)_2 + (NH_4)_2SO_4 ⟶ H_2O + NH_3 + CaSO_4 Plan: • Balance the chemical equation. • Determine the stoichiometric numbers. • Assemble the activity expression for each chemical species. • Use the activity expressions to build the equilibrium constant expression. Write the balanced chemical equation: Ca(OH)_2 + (NH_4)_2SO_4 ⟶ 2 H_2O + 2 NH_3 + CaSO_4 Assign stoichiometric numbers, ν_i, using the stoichiometric coefficients, c_i, from the balanced chemical equation in the following manner: ν_i = -c_i for reactants and ν_i = c_i for products: chemical species | c_i | ν_i Ca(OH)_2 | 1 | -1 (NH_4)_2SO_4 | 1 | -1 H_2O | 2 | 2 NH_3 | 2 | 2 CaSO_4 | 1 | 1 Assemble the activity expressions accounting for the state of matter and ν_i: chemical species | c_i | ν_i | activity expression Ca(OH)_2 | 1 | -1 | ([Ca(OH)2])^(-1) (NH_4)_2SO_4 | 1 | -1 | ([(NH4)2SO4])^(-1) H_2O | 2 | 2 | ([H2O])^2 NH_3 | 2 | 2 | ([NH3])^2 CaSO_4 | 1 | 1 | [CaSO4] The equilibrium constant symbol in the concentration basis is: K_c Mulitply the activity expressions to arrive at the K_c expression: Answer: | | K_c = ([Ca(OH)2])^(-1) ([(NH4)2SO4])^(-1) ([H2O])^2 ([NH3])^2 [CaSO4] = (([H2O])^2 ([NH3])^2 [CaSO4])/([Ca(OH)2] [(NH4)2SO4])
Construct the equilibrium constant, K, expression for: Ca(OH)_2 + (NH_4)_2SO_4 ⟶ H_2O + NH_3 + CaSO_4 Plan: • Balance the chemical equation. • Determine the stoichiometric numbers. • Assemble the activity expression for each chemical species. • Use the activity expressions to build the equilibrium constant expression. Write the balanced chemical equation: Ca(OH)_2 + (NH_4)_2SO_4 ⟶ 2 H_2O + 2 NH_3 + CaSO_4 Assign stoichiometric numbers, ν_i, using the stoichiometric coefficients, c_i, from the balanced chemical equation in the following manner: ν_i = -c_i for reactants and ν_i = c_i for products: chemical species | c_i | ν_i Ca(OH)_2 | 1 | -1 (NH_4)_2SO_4 | 1 | -1 H_2O | 2 | 2 NH_3 | 2 | 2 CaSO_4 | 1 | 1 Assemble the activity expressions accounting for the state of matter and ν_i: chemical species | c_i | ν_i | activity expression Ca(OH)_2 | 1 | -1 | ([Ca(OH)2])^(-1) (NH_4)_2SO_4 | 1 | -1 | ([(NH4)2SO4])^(-1) H_2O | 2 | 2 | ([H2O])^2 NH_3 | 2 | 2 | ([NH3])^2 CaSO_4 | 1 | 1 | [CaSO4] The equilibrium constant symbol in the concentration basis is: K_c Mulitply the activity expressions to arrive at the K_c expression: Answer: | | K_c = ([Ca(OH)2])^(-1) ([(NH4)2SO4])^(-1) ([H2O])^2 ([NH3])^2 [CaSO4] = (([H2O])^2 ([NH3])^2 [CaSO4])/([Ca(OH)2] [(NH4)2SO4])

Rate of reaction

Construct the rate of reaction expression for: Ca(OH)_2 + (NH_4)_2SO_4 ⟶ H_2O + NH_3 + CaSO_4 Plan: • Balance the chemical equation. • Determine the stoichiometric numbers. • Assemble the rate term for each chemical species. • Write the rate of reaction expression. Write the balanced chemical equation: Ca(OH)_2 + (NH_4)_2SO_4 ⟶ 2 H_2O + 2 NH_3 + CaSO_4 Assign stoichiometric numbers, ν_i, using the stoichiometric coefficients, c_i, from the balanced chemical equation in the following manner: ν_i = -c_i for reactants and ν_i = c_i for products: chemical species | c_i | ν_i Ca(OH)_2 | 1 | -1 (NH_4)_2SO_4 | 1 | -1 H_2O | 2 | 2 NH_3 | 2 | 2 CaSO_4 | 1 | 1 The rate term for each chemical species, B_i, is 1/ν_i(Δ[B_i])/(Δt) where [B_i] is the amount concentration and t is time: chemical species | c_i | ν_i | rate term Ca(OH)_2 | 1 | -1 | -(Δ[Ca(OH)2])/(Δt) (NH_4)_2SO_4 | 1 | -1 | -(Δ[(NH4)2SO4])/(Δt) H_2O | 2 | 2 | 1/2 (Δ[H2O])/(Δt) NH_3 | 2 | 2 | 1/2 (Δ[NH3])/(Δt) CaSO_4 | 1 | 1 | (Δ[CaSO4])/(Δt) (for infinitesimal rate of change, replace Δ with d) Set the rate terms equal to each other to arrive at the rate expression: Answer: | | rate = -(Δ[Ca(OH)2])/(Δt) = -(Δ[(NH4)2SO4])/(Δt) = 1/2 (Δ[H2O])/(Δt) = 1/2 (Δ[NH3])/(Δt) = (Δ[CaSO4])/(Δt) (assuming constant volume and no accumulation of intermediates or side products)
Construct the rate of reaction expression for: Ca(OH)_2 + (NH_4)_2SO_4 ⟶ H_2O + NH_3 + CaSO_4 Plan: • Balance the chemical equation. • Determine the stoichiometric numbers. • Assemble the rate term for each chemical species. • Write the rate of reaction expression. Write the balanced chemical equation: Ca(OH)_2 + (NH_4)_2SO_4 ⟶ 2 H_2O + 2 NH_3 + CaSO_4 Assign stoichiometric numbers, ν_i, using the stoichiometric coefficients, c_i, from the balanced chemical equation in the following manner: ν_i = -c_i for reactants and ν_i = c_i for products: chemical species | c_i | ν_i Ca(OH)_2 | 1 | -1 (NH_4)_2SO_4 | 1 | -1 H_2O | 2 | 2 NH_3 | 2 | 2 CaSO_4 | 1 | 1 The rate term for each chemical species, B_i, is 1/ν_i(Δ[B_i])/(Δt) where [B_i] is the amount concentration and t is time: chemical species | c_i | ν_i | rate term Ca(OH)_2 | 1 | -1 | -(Δ[Ca(OH)2])/(Δt) (NH_4)_2SO_4 | 1 | -1 | -(Δ[(NH4)2SO4])/(Δt) H_2O | 2 | 2 | 1/2 (Δ[H2O])/(Δt) NH_3 | 2 | 2 | 1/2 (Δ[NH3])/(Δt) CaSO_4 | 1 | 1 | (Δ[CaSO4])/(Δt) (for infinitesimal rate of change, replace Δ with d) Set the rate terms equal to each other to arrive at the rate expression: Answer: | | rate = -(Δ[Ca(OH)2])/(Δt) = -(Δ[(NH4)2SO4])/(Δt) = 1/2 (Δ[H2O])/(Δt) = 1/2 (Δ[NH3])/(Δt) = (Δ[CaSO4])/(Δt) (assuming constant volume and no accumulation of intermediates or side products)

Chemical names and formulas

| calcium hydroxide | ammonium sulfate | water | ammonia | calcium sulfate formula | Ca(OH)_2 | (NH_4)_2SO_4 | H_2O | NH_3 | CaSO_4 Hill formula | CaH_2O_2 | H_8N_2O_4S | H_2O | H_3N | CaO_4S name | calcium hydroxide | ammonium sulfate | water | ammonia | calcium sulfate IUPAC name | calcium dihydroxide | | water | ammonia | calcium sulfate
| calcium hydroxide | ammonium sulfate | water | ammonia | calcium sulfate formula | Ca(OH)_2 | (NH_4)_2SO_4 | H_2O | NH_3 | CaSO_4 Hill formula | CaH_2O_2 | H_8N_2O_4S | H_2O | H_3N | CaO_4S name | calcium hydroxide | ammonium sulfate | water | ammonia | calcium sulfate IUPAC name | calcium dihydroxide | | water | ammonia | calcium sulfate

Substance properties

| calcium hydroxide | ammonium sulfate | water | ammonia | calcium sulfate molar mass | 74.092 g/mol | 132.1 g/mol | 18.015 g/mol | 17.031 g/mol | 136.13 g/mol phase | solid (at STP) | solid (at STP) | liquid (at STP) | gas (at STP) | melting point | 550 °C | 280 °C | 0 °C | -77.73 °C | boiling point | | | 99.9839 °C | -33.33 °C | density | 2.24 g/cm^3 | 1.77 g/cm^3 | 1 g/cm^3 | 6.96×10^-4 g/cm^3 (at 25 °C) | solubility in water | slightly soluble | | | | slightly soluble surface tension | | | 0.0728 N/m | 0.0234 N/m | dynamic viscosity | | | 8.9×10^-4 Pa s (at 25 °C) | 1.009×10^-5 Pa s (at 25 °C) | odor | odorless | odorless | odorless | | odorless
| calcium hydroxide | ammonium sulfate | water | ammonia | calcium sulfate molar mass | 74.092 g/mol | 132.1 g/mol | 18.015 g/mol | 17.031 g/mol | 136.13 g/mol phase | solid (at STP) | solid (at STP) | liquid (at STP) | gas (at STP) | melting point | 550 °C | 280 °C | 0 °C | -77.73 °C | boiling point | | | 99.9839 °C | -33.33 °C | density | 2.24 g/cm^3 | 1.77 g/cm^3 | 1 g/cm^3 | 6.96×10^-4 g/cm^3 (at 25 °C) | solubility in water | slightly soluble | | | | slightly soluble surface tension | | | 0.0728 N/m | 0.0234 N/m | dynamic viscosity | | | 8.9×10^-4 Pa s (at 25 °C) | 1.009×10^-5 Pa s (at 25 °C) | odor | odorless | odorless | odorless | | odorless

Units

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