HNO3 + Zn = H2O + Zn(NO3) + NH4(NO3)

Input interpretation

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HNO_3 nitric acid + Zn zinc ⟶ H_2O water + ZnNO3 + NH_4NO_3 ammonium nitrate

Balanced equation

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Balance the chemical equation algebraically: HNO_3 + Zn ⟶ H_2O + ZnNO3 + NH_4NO_3 Add stoichiometric coefficients, c_i, to the reactants and products: c_1 HNO_3 + c_2 Zn ⟶ c_3 H_2O + c_4 ZnNO3 + c_5 NH_4NO_3 Set the number of atoms in the reactants equal to the number of atoms in the products for H, N, O and Zn: H: | c_1 = 2 c_3 + 4 c_5 N: | c_1 = c_4 + 2 c_5 O: | 3 c_1 = c_3 + 3 c_4 + 3 c_5 Zn: | c_2 = c_4 Since the coefficients are relative quantities and underdetermined, choose a coefficient to set arbitrarily. To keep the coefficients small, the arbitrary value is ordinarily one. For instance, set c_5 = 1 and solve the system of equations for the remaining coefficients: c_1 = 10 c_2 = 8 c_3 = 3 c_4 = 8 c_5 = 1 Substitute the coefficients into the chemical reaction to obtain the balanced equation: Answer: | | 10 HNO_3 + 8 Zn ⟶ 3 H_2O + 8 ZnNO3 + NH_4NO_3

+ ⟶ + ZnNO3 +

Names

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nitric acid + zinc ⟶ water + ZnNO3 + ammonium nitrate

Equilibrium constant

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Construct the equilibrium constant, K, expression for: HNO_3 + Zn ⟶ H_2O + ZnNO3 + NH_4NO_3 Plan: • Balance the chemical equation. • Determine the stoichiometric numbers. • Assemble the activity expression for each chemical species. • Use the activity expressions to build the equilibrium constant expression. Write the balanced chemical equation: 10 HNO_3 + 8 Zn ⟶ 3 H_2O + 8 ZnNO3 + NH_4NO_3 Assign stoichiometric numbers, ν_i, using the stoichiometric coefficients, c_i, from the balanced chemical equation in the following manner: ν_i = -c_i for reactants and ν_i = c_i for products: chemical species | c_i | ν_i HNO_3 | 10 | -10 Zn | 8 | -8 H_2O | 3 | 3 ZnNO3 | 8 | 8 NH_4NO_3 | 1 | 1 Assemble the activity expressions accounting for the state of matter and ν_i: chemical species | c_i | ν_i | activity expression HNO_3 | 10 | -10 | ([HNO3])^(-10) Zn | 8 | -8 | ([Zn])^(-8) H_2O | 3 | 3 | ([H2O])^3 ZnNO3 | 8 | 8 | ([ZnNO3])^8 NH_4NO_3 | 1 | 1 | [NH4NO3] The equilibrium constant symbol in the concentration basis is: K_c Mulitply the activity expressions to arrive at the K_c expression: Answer: | | K_c = ([HNO3])^(-10) ([Zn])^(-8) ([H2O])^3 ([ZnNO3])^8 [NH4NO3] = (([H2O])^3 ([ZnNO3])^8 [NH4NO3])/(([HNO3])^10 ([Zn])^8)

Rate of reaction

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Construct the rate of reaction expression for: HNO_3 + Zn ⟶ H_2O + ZnNO3 + NH_4NO_3 Plan: • Balance the chemical equation. • Determine the stoichiometric numbers. • Assemble the rate term for each chemical species. • Write the rate of reaction expression. Write the balanced chemical equation: 10 HNO_3 + 8 Zn ⟶ 3 H_2O + 8 ZnNO3 + NH_4NO_3 Assign stoichiometric numbers, ν_i, using the stoichiometric coefficients, c_i, from the balanced chemical equation in the following manner: ν_i = -c_i for reactants and ν_i = c_i for products: chemical species | c_i | ν_i HNO_3 | 10 | -10 Zn | 8 | -8 H_2O | 3 | 3 ZnNO3 | 8 | 8 NH_4NO_3 | 1 | 1 The rate term for each chemical species, B_i, is 1/ν_i(Δ[B_i])/(Δt) where [B_i] is the amount concentration and t is time: chemical species | c_i | ν_i | rate term HNO_3 | 10 | -10 | -1/10 (Δ[HNO3])/(Δt) Zn | 8 | -8 | -1/8 (Δ[Zn])/(Δt) H_2O | 3 | 3 | 1/3 (Δ[H2O])/(Δt) ZnNO3 | 8 | 8 | 1/8 (Δ[ZnNO3])/(Δt) NH_4NO_3 | 1 | 1 | (Δ[NH4NO3])/(Δt) (for infinitesimal rate of change, replace Δ with d) Set the rate terms equal to each other to arrive at the rate expression: Answer: | | rate = -1/10 (Δ[HNO3])/(Δt) = -1/8 (Δ[Zn])/(Δt) = 1/3 (Δ[H2O])/(Δt) = 1/8 (Δ[ZnNO3])/(Δt) = (Δ[NH4NO3])/(Δt) (assuming constant volume and no accumulation of intermediates or side products)