zirconium vs palladium vs rhodium

zirconium (chemical element) | palladium (chemical element) | rhodium (chemical element)

Periodic table location

Images

| zirconium | palladium | rhodium atomic symbol | Zr | Pd | Rh atomic number | 40 | 46 | 45 short electronic configuration | [Kr]5s^24d^2 | [Kr]4d^10 | [Kr]5s^14d^8 Aufbau diagram | 4d 5s | 4d | 4d 5s block | d | d | d group | 4 | 10 | 9 period | 5 | 5 | 5 atomic mass | 91.224 u | 106.42 u | 102.9055 u half-life | (stable) | (stable) | (stable)

| zirconium | palladium | rhodium phase at STP | solid | solid | solid melting point | 1855 °C | 1554.9 °C | 1964 °C boiling point | 4409 °C | 2963 °C | 3695 °C molar heat of fusion | 21 kJ/mol | 16.7 kJ/mol | 21.7 kJ/mol molar heat of vaporization | 580 kJ/mol | 380 kJ/mol | 495 kJ/mol specific heat at STP | 278 J/(kg K) | 240 J/(kg K) | 240 J/(kg K) (properties at standard conditions)

| zirconium | palladium | rhodium density | 6.511 g/cm^3 | 12.023 g/cm^3 | 12.45 g/cm^3 liquid density | 5.8 g/cm^3 | 10.38 g/cm^3 | 10.7 g/cm^3 molar volume | 14.01 cm^3/mol | 8.851 cm^3/mol | 8.2655 cm^3/mol Mohs hardness | 5 (≈ apatite) | 4.75 (between apatite and fluorite) | 6 (≈ microcline) Vickers hardness | 903 MPa | 461 MPa | 1246 MPa Brinell hardness | 650 MPa | 37.3 MPa | 1100 MPa bulk modulus | (unknown) | 180 GPa | 380 GPa shear modulus | 33 GPa | 44 GPa | 150 GPa Young's modulus | 68 GPa | 121 GPa | 275 GPa Poisson ratio | 0.34 | 0.39 | 0.26 tensile yield strength | 230 MPa | | ultimate tensile strength | 330 MPa | 180 MPa | sound speed | 3800 m/s | 3070 m/s | 4700 m/s thermal expansion | 5.7×10^-6 K^(-1) | 1.18×10^-5 K^(-1) | 8.2×10^-6 K^(-1) thermal conductivity | 23 W/(m K) | 72 W/(m K) | 150 W/(m K) (properties at standard conditions)

| zirconium | palladium | rhodium electrical type | conductor | conductor | conductor resistivity | 4.2×10^-7 Ω m (ohm meters) | 1×10^-7 Ω m (ohm meters) | 4.3×10^-8 Ω m (ohm meters) electrical conductivity | 2.4×10^6 S/m (siemens per meter) | 1×10^7 S/m (siemens per meter) | 2.3×10^7 S/m (siemens per meter) magnetic type | paramagnetic | paramagnetic | paramagnetic volume magnetic susceptibility | 1.09×10^-4 | 7.899×10^-4 | 1.693×10^-4 mass magnetic susceptibility | 1.68×10^-8 m^3/kg (cubic meters per kilogram) | 6.57×10^-8 m^3/kg (cubic meters per kilogram) | 1.36×10^-8 m^3/kg (cubic meters per kilogram) molar magnetic susceptibility | 1.53×10^-9 m^3/mol (cubic meters per mole) | 6.992×10^-9 m^3/mol (cubic meters per mole) | 1.4×10^-9 m^3/mol (cubic meters per mole) work function | 4.05 eV (Polycrystalline) | (5.22 to 5.6) eV | 4.98 eV (Polycrystalline) threshold frequency | 9.793×10^14 Hz (hertz) | (1.262×10^15 to 1.354×10^15) Hz (hertz) | 1.204×10^15 Hz (hertz) superconducting point | 0.61 K (kelvins) | | color | (silver) | (silver) | (silver)

| zirconium | palladium | rhodium valence | 4 | 4 | 6 electronegativity | 1.33 | 2.2 | 2.28 electron affinity | 41.1 kJ/mol (kilojoules per mole) | 53.7 kJ/mol (kilojoules per mole) | 109.7 kJ/mol (kilojoules per mole) first ionization energy | 640.1 kJ/mol (kilojoules per mole) | 804.4 kJ/mol (kilojoules per mole) | 719.7 kJ/mol (kilojoules per mole) ionization energies | 640.1 kJ/mol | 1270 kJ/mol | 2218 kJ/mol | 3313 kJ/mol | 7752 kJ/mol | 9500 kJ/mol | 804.4 kJ/mol | 1870 kJ/mol | 3177 kJ/mol | 719.7 kJ/mol | 1740 kJ/mol | 2997 kJ/mol

Reactivity

| zirconium | palladium | rhodium term symbol | ^3F_2 | ^1S_0 | ^4F_(9/2) atomic radius | 155 pm | 140 pm | 135 pm covalent radius | 175 pm | 139 pm | 142 pm van der Waals radius | (unknown) | 163 pm | (electronic ground state properties)

| zirconium | palladium | rhodium universe abundance | 5×10^-6 mass% | 2×10^-7 mass% | 6×10^-8 mass% solar abundance | 4×10^-6 mass% | 3×10^-7 mass% | 2×10^-7 mass% meteorite abundance | 6.6×10^-4 mass% | 6.6×10^-5 mass% | 1.8×10^-5 mass% crust abundance | 0.013 mass% | 6.3×10^-7 mass% | 7×10^-8 mass% ocean abundance | 2.6×10^-9 mass% | | human abundance | 5×10^-6 mass% | | universe molar abundance | 7×10^-8 mol% | 2×10^-9 mol% | 7×10^-10 mol% solar molar abundance | 5×10^-8 mol% | 4×10^-9 mol% | 2×10^-9 mol% meteorite molar abundance | 1.6×10^-4 mol% | 1.3×10^-5 mol% | 4×10^-6 mol% ocean molar abundance | 1.8×10^-10 mol% | | crust molar abundance | 0.003 mol% | 9.9×10^-8 mol% | 9.9×10^-9 mol% human molar abundance | 3×10^-7 mol% | |