zinc vs germanium vs gallium

zinc (chemical element) | germanium (chemical element) | gallium (chemical element)

Periodic table location

Images

| zinc | germanium | gallium atomic symbol | Zn | Ge | Ga atomic number | 30 | 32 | 31 short electronic configuration | [Ar]4s^23d^10 | [Ar]4s^23d^104p^2 | [Ar]4s^23d^104p^1 Aufbau diagram | 3d 4s | 4p 3d 4s | 4p 3d 4s block | d | p | p group | 12 | 14 | 13 period | 4 | 4 | 4 atomic mass | 65.38 u | 72.63 u | 69.723 u half-life | (stable) | (stable) | (stable)

| zinc | germanium | gallium phase at STP | solid | solid | solid melting point | 419.53 °C | 938.3 °C | 29.76 °C boiling point | 907 °C | 2820 °C | 2204 °C molar heat of fusion | 7.35 kJ/mol | 31.8 kJ/mol | 5.59 kJ/mol molar heat of vaporization | 119 kJ/mol | 334 kJ/mol | 256 kJ/mol specific heat at STP | 388 J/(kg K) | 321.4 J/(kg K) | 371 J/(kg K) (properties at standard conditions)

| zinc | germanium | gallium density | 7.14 g/cm^3 | 5.323 g/cm^3 | 5.904 g/cm^3 liquid density | 6.57 g/cm^3 | 5.6 g/cm^3 | 6.095 g/cm^3 molar volume | 9.16 cm^3/mol | 13.64 cm^3/mol | 11.81 cm^3/mol Mohs hardness | 2.5 (between gypsum and calcite) | 6 (≈ microcline) | 1.5 (between talc and gypsum) Vickers hardness | | 8010 MPa | Brinell hardness | 412 MPa | 7270 MPa | 60 MPa bulk modulus | 70 GPa | (unknown) | shear modulus | 43 GPa | (unknown) | Young's modulus | 108 GPa | (unknown) | Poisson ratio | 0.25 | (unknown) | ultimate tensile strength | 37 MPa | | refractive index | 1.00205 | (unknown) | sound speed | 3700 m/s | 5400 m/s | 2740 m/s thermal expansion | 3.02×10^-5 K^(-1) | 6×10^-6 K^(-1) | 1.2×10^-4 K^(-1) thermal conductivity | 120 W/(m K) | 60 W/(m K) | 29 W/(m K) (properties at standard conditions)

| zinc | germanium | gallium electrical type | conductor | semiconductor | conductor resistivity | 5.9×10^-8 Ω m (ohm meters) | 5×10^-4 Ω m (ohm meters) | 1.4×10^-7 Ω m (ohm meters) electrical conductivity | 1.7×10^7 S/m (siemens per meter) | 2000 S/m (siemens per meter) | 7.1×10^6 S/m (siemens per meter) magnetic type | diamagnetic | diamagnetic | diamagnetic volume magnetic susceptibility | -1.58×10^-5 | -7.98×10^-6 | -1.77×10^-5 mass magnetic susceptibility | -2.21×10^-9 m^3/kg (cubic meters per kilogram) | -1.5×10^-9 m^3/kg (cubic meters per kilogram) | -3×10^-9 m^3/kg (cubic meters per kilogram) molar magnetic susceptibility | -1.45×10^-10 m^3/mol (cubic meters per mole) | -1.09×10^-10 m^3/mol (cubic meters per mole) | -2.09×10^-10 m^3/mol (cubic meters per mole) work function | (3.63 to 4.9) eV | 5 eV (Polycrystalline) | 4.32 eV (Polycrystalline) threshold frequency | (8.777×10^14 to 1.185×10^15) Hz (hertz) | 1.209×10^15 Hz (hertz) | 1.045×10^15 Hz (hertz) superconducting point | 0.85 K (kelvins) | (unknown) | 1.083 K (kelvins) color | (slate gray) | (gray) | (silver) refractive index | 1.00205 | (unknown) |

| zinc | germanium | gallium valence | 2 | 4 | 3 electronegativity | 1.65 | 2.01 | 1.81 electron affinity | 0 kJ/mol (kilojoules per mole) | 119 kJ/mol (kilojoules per mole) | 28.9 kJ/mol (kilojoules per mole) first ionization energy | 906.4 kJ/mol (kilojoules per mole) | 762 kJ/mol (kilojoules per mole) | 578.8 kJ/mol (kilojoules per mole) ionization energies | 906.4 kJ/mol | 1733.3 kJ/mol | 3833 kJ/mol | 5731 kJ/mol | 7970 kJ/mol | 10400 kJ/mol | 12900 kJ/mol | 16800 kJ/mol | 19600 kJ/mol | 23000 kJ/mol | 26400 kJ/mol | 29990 kJ/mol | 40490 kJ/mol | 43800 kJ/mol | 47300 kJ/mol | 52300 kJ/mol | 55900 kJ/mol | 59700 kJ/mol | 67300 kJ/mol | 71200 kJ/mol | 179100 kJ/mol | 762 kJ/mol | 1537.5 kJ/mol | 3302.1 kJ/mol | 4411 kJ/mol | 9020 kJ/mol | 578.8 kJ/mol | 1979.3 kJ/mol | 2963 kJ/mol | 6180 kJ/mol

Reactivity

| zinc | germanium | gallium term symbol | ^1S_0 | ^3P_0 | ^2P_(1/2) atomic radius | 135 pm | 125 pm | 130 pm covalent radius | 122 pm | 120 pm | 122 pm van der Waals radius | 139 pm | (unknown) | 187 pm (electronic ground state properties)

| zinc | germanium | gallium universe abundance | 3×10^-5 mass% | 2×10^-5 mass% | 1×10^-6 mass% solar abundance | 2×10^-4 mass% | 2×10^-5 mass% | 4×10^-6 mass% meteorite abundance | 0.018 mass% | 0.0021 mass% | 7.6×10^-4 mass% crust abundance | 0.0078 mass% | 1.4×10^-4 mass% | 0.0019 mass% ocean abundance | 5×10^-7 mass% | 6×10^-9 mass% | 3×10^-9 mass% human abundance | 0.0033 mass% | | universe molar abundance | 6×10^-7 mol% | 3×10^-7 mol% | 2×10^-8 mol% solar molar abundance | 3×10^-6 mol% | 3×10^-7 mol% | 6×10^-8 mol% meteorite molar abundance | 0.0044 mol% | 4.9×10^-4 mol% | 2×10^-4 mol% ocean molar abundance | 4.7×10^-8 mol% | 5.1×10^-10 mol% | 2.7×10^-10 mol% crust molar abundance | 0.0025 mol% | 3.9×10^-5 mol% | 5.5×10^-4 mol% human molar abundance | 3.2×10^-4 mol% | |