H2O + AlCl3 = HCl + AlOHCl2

H_2O water + AlCl_3 aluminum chloride ⟶ HCl hydrogen chloride + AlOHCl2

Balance the chemical equation algebraically: H_2O + AlCl_3 ⟶ HCl + AlOHCl2 Add stoichiometric coefficients, c_i, to the reactants and products: c_1 H_2O + c_2 AlCl_3 ⟶ c_3 HCl + c_4 AlOHCl2 Set the number of atoms in the reactants equal to the number of atoms in the products for H, O, Al and Cl: H: | 2 c_1 = c_3 + c_4 O: | c_1 = c_4 Al: | c_2 = c_4 Cl: | 3 c_2 = c_3 + 2 c_4 Since the coefficients are relative quantities and underdetermined, choose a coefficient to set arbitrarily. To keep the coefficients small, the arbitrary value is ordinarily one. For instance, set c_1 = 1 and solve the system of equations for the remaining coefficients: c_1 = 1 c_2 = 1 c_3 = 1 c_4 = 1 Substitute the coefficients into the chemical reaction to obtain the balanced equation: Answer: | | H_2O + AlCl_3 ⟶ HCl + AlOHCl2

+ ⟶ + AlOHCl2

water + aluminum chloride ⟶ hydrogen chloride + AlOHCl2

Construct the equilibrium constant, K, expression for: H_2O + AlCl_3 ⟶ HCl + AlOHCl2 Plan: • Balance the chemical equation. • Determine the stoichiometric numbers. • Assemble the activity expression for each chemical species. • Use the activity expressions to build the equilibrium constant expression. Write the balanced chemical equation: H_2O + AlCl_3 ⟶ HCl + AlOHCl2 Assign stoichiometric numbers, ν_i, using the stoichiometric coefficients, c_i, from the balanced chemical equation in the following manner: ν_i = -c_i for reactants and ν_i = c_i for products: chemical species | c_i | ν_i H_2O | 1 | -1 AlCl_3 | 1 | -1 HCl | 1 | 1 AlOHCl2 | 1 | 1 Assemble the activity expressions accounting for the state of matter and ν_i: chemical species | c_i | ν_i | activity expression H_2O | 1 | -1 | ([H2O])^(-1) AlCl_3 | 1 | -1 | ([AlCl3])^(-1) HCl | 1 | 1 | [HCl] AlOHCl2 | 1 | 1 | [AlOHCl2] The equilibrium constant symbol in the concentration basis is: K_c Mulitply the activity expressions to arrive at the K_c expression: Answer: | | K_c = ([H2O])^(-1) ([AlCl3])^(-1) [HCl] [AlOHCl2] = ([HCl] [AlOHCl2])/([H2O] [AlCl3])

Construct the rate of reaction expression for: H_2O + AlCl_3 ⟶ HCl + AlOHCl2 Plan: • Balance the chemical equation. • Determine the stoichiometric numbers. • Assemble the rate term for each chemical species. • Write the rate of reaction expression. Write the balanced chemical equation: H_2O + AlCl_3 ⟶ HCl + AlOHCl2 Assign stoichiometric numbers, ν_i, using the stoichiometric coefficients, c_i, from the balanced chemical equation in the following manner: ν_i = -c_i for reactants and ν_i = c_i for products: chemical species | c_i | ν_i H_2O | 1 | -1 AlCl_3 | 1 | -1 HCl | 1 | 1 AlOHCl2 | 1 | 1 The rate term for each chemical species, B_i, is 1/ν_i(Δ[B_i])/(Δt) where [B_i] is the amount concentration and t is time: chemical species | c_i | ν_i | rate term H_2O | 1 | -1 | -(Δ[H2O])/(Δt) AlCl_3 | 1 | -1 | -(Δ[AlCl3])/(Δt) HCl | 1 | 1 | (Δ[HCl])/(Δt) AlOHCl2 | 1 | 1 | (Δ[AlOHCl2])/(Δt) (for infinitesimal rate of change, replace Δ with d) Set the rate terms equal to each other to arrive at the rate expression: Answer: | | rate = -(Δ[H2O])/(Δt) = -(Δ[AlCl3])/(Δt) = (Δ[HCl])/(Δt) = (Δ[AlOHCl2])/(Δt) (assuming constant volume and no accumulation of intermediates or side products)

| water | aluminum chloride | hydrogen chloride | AlOHCl2 formula | H_2O | AlCl_3 | HCl | AlOHCl2 Hill formula | H_2O | AlCl_3 | ClH | HAlCl2O name | water | aluminum chloride | hydrogen chloride | IUPAC name | water | trichloroalumane | hydrogen chloride |

| water | aluminum chloride | hydrogen chloride | AlOHCl2 molar mass | 18.015 g/mol | 133.3 g/mol | 36.46 g/mol | 114.9 g/mol phase | liquid (at STP) | solid (at STP) | gas (at STP) | melting point | 0 °C | 190 °C | -114.17 °C | boiling point | 99.9839 °C | | -85 °C | density | 1 g/cm^3 | | 0.00149 g/cm^3 (at 25 °C) | solubility in water | | | miscible | surface tension | 0.0728 N/m | | | dynamic viscosity | 8.9×10^-4 Pa s (at 25 °C) | | | odor | odorless | | |