NaCl + CaCO3 = CaCl2 + Na2CO3

NaCl sodium chloride + CaCO_3 calcium carbonate ⟶ CaCl_2 calcium chloride + Na_2CO_3 soda ash

Balance the chemical equation algebraically: NaCl + CaCO_3 ⟶ CaCl_2 + Na_2CO_3 Add stoichiometric coefficients, c_i, to the reactants and products: c_1 NaCl + c_2 CaCO_3 ⟶ c_3 CaCl_2 + c_4 Na_2CO_3 Set the number of atoms in the reactants equal to the number of atoms in the products for Cl, Na, C, Ca and O: Cl: | c_1 = 2 c_3 Na: | c_1 = 2 c_4 C: | c_2 = c_4 Ca: | c_2 = c_3 O: | 3 c_2 = 3 c_4 Since the coefficients are relative quantities and underdetermined, choose a coefficient to set arbitrarily. To keep the coefficients small, the arbitrary value is ordinarily one. For instance, set c_2 = 1 and solve the system of equations for the remaining coefficients: c_1 = 2 c_2 = 1 c_3 = 1 c_4 = 1 Substitute the coefficients into the chemical reaction to obtain the balanced equation: Answer: | | 2 NaCl + CaCO_3 ⟶ CaCl_2 + Na_2CO_3

+ ⟶ +

sodium chloride + calcium carbonate ⟶ calcium chloride + soda ash

| sodium chloride | calcium carbonate | calcium chloride | soda ash molecular enthalpy | -411.2 kJ/mol | -1208 kJ/mol | -795.4 kJ/mol | -1131 kJ/mol total enthalpy | -822.4 kJ/mol | -1208 kJ/mol | -795.4 kJ/mol | -1131 kJ/mol | H_initial = -2030 kJ/mol | | H_final = -1926 kJ/mol | ΔH_rxn^0 | -1926 kJ/mol - -2030 kJ/mol = 103.9 kJ/mol (endothermic) | | |

| sodium chloride | calcium carbonate | calcium chloride | soda ash molecular free energy | -384.1 kJ/mol | -1129 kJ/mol | -748.8 kJ/mol | -1044 kJ/mol total free energy | -768.2 kJ/mol | -1129 kJ/mol | -748.8 kJ/mol | -1044 kJ/mol | G_initial = -1897 kJ/mol | | G_final = -1793 kJ/mol | ΔG_rxn^0 | -1793 kJ/mol - -1897 kJ/mol = 104.1 kJ/mol (endergonic) | | |

Construct the equilibrium constant, K, expression for: NaCl + CaCO_3 ⟶ CaCl_2 + Na_2CO_3 Plan: • Balance the chemical equation. • Determine the stoichiometric numbers. • Assemble the activity expression for each chemical species. • Use the activity expressions to build the equilibrium constant expression. Write the balanced chemical equation: 2 NaCl + CaCO_3 ⟶ CaCl_2 + Na_2CO_3 Assign stoichiometric numbers, ν_i, using the stoichiometric coefficients, c_i, from the balanced chemical equation in the following manner: ν_i = -c_i for reactants and ν_i = c_i for products: chemical species | c_i | ν_i NaCl | 2 | -2 CaCO_3 | 1 | -1 CaCl_2 | 1 | 1 Na_2CO_3 | 1 | 1 Assemble the activity expressions accounting for the state of matter and ν_i: chemical species | c_i | ν_i | activity expression NaCl | 2 | -2 | ([NaCl])^(-2) CaCO_3 | 1 | -1 | ([CaCO3])^(-1) CaCl_2 | 1 | 1 | [CaCl2] Na_2CO_3 | 1 | 1 | [Na2CO3] The equilibrium constant symbol in the concentration basis is: K_c Mulitply the activity expressions to arrive at the K_c expression: Answer: | | K_c = ([NaCl])^(-2) ([CaCO3])^(-1) [CaCl2] [Na2CO3] = ([CaCl2] [Na2CO3])/(([NaCl])^2 [CaCO3])

Construct the rate of reaction expression for: NaCl + CaCO_3 ⟶ CaCl_2 + Na_2CO_3 Plan: • Balance the chemical equation. • Determine the stoichiometric numbers. • Assemble the rate term for each chemical species. • Write the rate of reaction expression. Write the balanced chemical equation: 2 NaCl + CaCO_3 ⟶ CaCl_2 + Na_2CO_3 Assign stoichiometric numbers, ν_i, using the stoichiometric coefficients, c_i, from the balanced chemical equation in the following manner: ν_i = -c_i for reactants and ν_i = c_i for products: chemical species | c_i | ν_i NaCl | 2 | -2 CaCO_3 | 1 | -1 CaCl_2 | 1 | 1 Na_2CO_3 | 1 | 1 The rate term for each chemical species, B_i, is 1/ν_i(Δ[B_i])/(Δt) where [B_i] is the amount concentration and t is time: chemical species | c_i | ν_i | rate term NaCl | 2 | -2 | -1/2 (Δ[NaCl])/(Δt) CaCO_3 | 1 | -1 | -(Δ[CaCO3])/(Δt) CaCl_2 | 1 | 1 | (Δ[CaCl2])/(Δt) Na_2CO_3 | 1 | 1 | (Δ[Na2CO3])/(Δt) (for infinitesimal rate of change, replace Δ with d) Set the rate terms equal to each other to arrive at the rate expression: Answer: | | rate = -1/2 (Δ[NaCl])/(Δt) = -(Δ[CaCO3])/(Δt) = (Δ[CaCl2])/(Δt) = (Δ[Na2CO3])/(Δt) (assuming constant volume and no accumulation of intermediates or side products)

| sodium chloride | calcium carbonate | calcium chloride | soda ash formula | NaCl | CaCO_3 | CaCl_2 | Na_2CO_3 Hill formula | ClNa | CCaO_3 | CaCl_2 | CNa_2O_3 name | sodium chloride | calcium carbonate | calcium chloride | soda ash IUPAC name | sodium chloride | calcium carbonate | calcium dichloride | disodium carbonate

| sodium chloride | calcium carbonate | calcium chloride | soda ash molar mass | 58.44 g/mol | 100.09 g/mol | 111 g/mol | 105.99 g/mol phase | solid (at STP) | solid (at STP) | solid (at STP) | solid (at STP) melting point | 801 °C | 1340 °C | 772 °C | 851 °C boiling point | 1413 °C | | | 1600 °C density | 2.16 g/cm^3 | 2.71 g/cm^3 | 2.15 g/cm^3 | solubility in water | soluble | insoluble | soluble | soluble dynamic viscosity | | | | 0.00355 Pa s (at 900 °C) odor | odorless | | |