NaOH + POCl3 = H2O + NaCl + Na3PO4

NaOH sodium hydroxide + POCl_3 phosphoryl chloride ⟶ H_2O water + NaCl sodium chloride + Na_3PO_4 trisodium phosphate

Balance the chemical equation algebraically: NaOH + POCl_3 ⟶ H_2O + NaCl + Na_3PO_4 Add stoichiometric coefficients, c_i, to the reactants and products: c_1 NaOH + c_2 POCl_3 ⟶ c_3 H_2O + c_4 NaCl + c_5 Na_3PO_4 Set the number of atoms in the reactants equal to the number of atoms in the products for H, Na, O, Cl and P: H: | c_1 = 2 c_3 Na: | c_1 = c_4 + 3 c_5 O: | c_1 + c_2 = c_3 + 4 c_5 Cl: | 3 c_2 = c_4 P: | c_2 = c_5 Since the coefficients are relative quantities and underdetermined, choose a coefficient to set arbitrarily. To keep the coefficients small, the arbitrary value is ordinarily one. For instance, set c_2 = 1 and solve the system of equations for the remaining coefficients: c_1 = 6 c_2 = 1 c_3 = 3 c_4 = 3 c_5 = 1 Substitute the coefficients into the chemical reaction to obtain the balanced equation: Answer: | | 6 NaOH + POCl_3 ⟶ 3 H_2O + 3 NaCl + Na_3PO_4

+ ⟶ + +

sodium hydroxide + phosphoryl chloride ⟶ water + sodium chloride + trisodium phosphate

Construct the equilibrium constant, K, expression for: NaOH + POCl_3 ⟶ H_2O + NaCl + Na_3PO_4 Plan: • Balance the chemical equation. • Determine the stoichiometric numbers. • Assemble the activity expression for each chemical species. • Use the activity expressions to build the equilibrium constant expression. Write the balanced chemical equation: 6 NaOH + POCl_3 ⟶ 3 H_2O + 3 NaCl + Na_3PO_4 Assign stoichiometric numbers, ν_i, using the stoichiometric coefficients, c_i, from the balanced chemical equation in the following manner: ν_i = -c_i for reactants and ν_i = c_i for products: chemical species | c_i | ν_i NaOH | 6 | -6 POCl_3 | 1 | -1 H_2O | 3 | 3 NaCl | 3 | 3 Na_3PO_4 | 1 | 1 Assemble the activity expressions accounting for the state of matter and ν_i: chemical species | c_i | ν_i | activity expression NaOH | 6 | -6 | ([NaOH])^(-6) POCl_3 | 1 | -1 | ([POCl3])^(-1) H_2O | 3 | 3 | ([H2O])^3 NaCl | 3 | 3 | ([NaCl])^3 Na_3PO_4 | 1 | 1 | [Na3PO4] The equilibrium constant symbol in the concentration basis is: K_c Mulitply the activity expressions to arrive at the K_c expression: Answer: | | K_c = ([NaOH])^(-6) ([POCl3])^(-1) ([H2O])^3 ([NaCl])^3 [Na3PO4] = (([H2O])^3 ([NaCl])^3 [Na3PO4])/(([NaOH])^6 [POCl3])

Construct the rate of reaction expression for: NaOH + POCl_3 ⟶ H_2O + NaCl + Na_3PO_4 Plan: • Balance the chemical equation. • Determine the stoichiometric numbers. • Assemble the rate term for each chemical species. • Write the rate of reaction expression. Write the balanced chemical equation: 6 NaOH + POCl_3 ⟶ 3 H_2O + 3 NaCl + Na_3PO_4 Assign stoichiometric numbers, ν_i, using the stoichiometric coefficients, c_i, from the balanced chemical equation in the following manner: ν_i = -c_i for reactants and ν_i = c_i for products: chemical species | c_i | ν_i NaOH | 6 | -6 POCl_3 | 1 | -1 H_2O | 3 | 3 NaCl | 3 | 3 Na_3PO_4 | 1 | 1 The rate term for each chemical species, B_i, is 1/ν_i(Δ[B_i])/(Δt) where [B_i] is the amount concentration and t is time: chemical species | c_i | ν_i | rate term NaOH | 6 | -6 | -1/6 (Δ[NaOH])/(Δt) POCl_3 | 1 | -1 | -(Δ[POCl3])/(Δt) H_2O | 3 | 3 | 1/3 (Δ[H2O])/(Δt) NaCl | 3 | 3 | 1/3 (Δ[NaCl])/(Δt) Na_3PO_4 | 1 | 1 | (Δ[Na3PO4])/(Δt) (for infinitesimal rate of change, replace Δ with d) Set the rate terms equal to each other to arrive at the rate expression: Answer: | | rate = -1/6 (Δ[NaOH])/(Δt) = -(Δ[POCl3])/(Δt) = 1/3 (Δ[H2O])/(Δt) = 1/3 (Δ[NaCl])/(Δt) = (Δ[Na3PO4])/(Δt) (assuming constant volume and no accumulation of intermediates or side products)

| sodium hydroxide | phosphoryl chloride | water | sodium chloride | trisodium phosphate formula | NaOH | POCl_3 | H_2O | NaCl | Na_3PO_4 Hill formula | HNaO | Cl_3OP | H_2O | ClNa | Na_3O_4P name | sodium hydroxide | phosphoryl chloride | water | sodium chloride | trisodium phosphate

| sodium hydroxide | phosphoryl chloride | water | sodium chloride | trisodium phosphate molar mass | 39.997 g/mol | 153.3 g/mol | 18.015 g/mol | 58.44 g/mol | 163.94 g/mol phase | solid (at STP) | liquid (at STP) | liquid (at STP) | solid (at STP) | solid (at STP) melting point | 323 °C | 1.25 °C | 0 °C | 801 °C | 75 °C boiling point | 1390 °C | 105.8 °C | 99.9839 °C | 1413 °C | density | 2.13 g/cm^3 | 1.645 g/cm^3 | 1 g/cm^3 | 2.16 g/cm^3 | 2.536 g/cm^3 solubility in water | soluble | reacts | | soluble | soluble surface tension | 0.07435 N/m | | 0.0728 N/m | | dynamic viscosity | 0.004 Pa s (at 350 °C) | | 8.9×10^-4 Pa s (at 25 °C) | | odor | | | odorless | odorless | odorless