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H2O + Na2CO3 + CuCl2 = CO2 + NaCl + Cu(OH)2

Input interpretation

H_2O water + Na_2CO_3 soda ash + CuCl_2 copper(II) chloride ⟶ CO_2 carbon dioxide + NaCl sodium chloride + Cu(OH)_2 copper hydroxide
H_2O water + Na_2CO_3 soda ash + CuCl_2 copper(II) chloride ⟶ CO_2 carbon dioxide + NaCl sodium chloride + Cu(OH)_2 copper hydroxide

Balanced equation

Balance the chemical equation algebraically: H_2O + Na_2CO_3 + CuCl_2 ⟶ CO_2 + NaCl + Cu(OH)_2 Add stoichiometric coefficients, c_i, to the reactants and products: c_1 H_2O + c_2 Na_2CO_3 + c_3 CuCl_2 ⟶ c_4 CO_2 + c_5 NaCl + c_6 Cu(OH)_2 Set the number of atoms in the reactants equal to the number of atoms in the products for H, O, C, Na, Cl and Cu: H: | 2 c_1 = 2 c_6 O: | c_1 + 3 c_2 = 2 c_4 + 2 c_6 C: | c_2 = c_4 Na: | 2 c_2 = c_5 Cl: | 2 c_3 = c_5 Cu: | c_3 = c_6 Since the coefficients are relative quantities and underdetermined, choose a coefficient to set arbitrarily. To keep the coefficients small, the arbitrary value is ordinarily one. For instance, set c_1 = 1 and solve the system of equations for the remaining coefficients: c_1 = 1 c_2 = 1 c_3 = 1 c_4 = 1 c_5 = 2 c_6 = 1 Substitute the coefficients into the chemical reaction to obtain the balanced equation: Answer: | | H_2O + Na_2CO_3 + CuCl_2 ⟶ CO_2 + 2 NaCl + Cu(OH)_2
Balance the chemical equation algebraically: H_2O + Na_2CO_3 + CuCl_2 ⟶ CO_2 + NaCl + Cu(OH)_2 Add stoichiometric coefficients, c_i, to the reactants and products: c_1 H_2O + c_2 Na_2CO_3 + c_3 CuCl_2 ⟶ c_4 CO_2 + c_5 NaCl + c_6 Cu(OH)_2 Set the number of atoms in the reactants equal to the number of atoms in the products for H, O, C, Na, Cl and Cu: H: | 2 c_1 = 2 c_6 O: | c_1 + 3 c_2 = 2 c_4 + 2 c_6 C: | c_2 = c_4 Na: | 2 c_2 = c_5 Cl: | 2 c_3 = c_5 Cu: | c_3 = c_6 Since the coefficients are relative quantities and underdetermined, choose a coefficient to set arbitrarily. To keep the coefficients small, the arbitrary value is ordinarily one. For instance, set c_1 = 1 and solve the system of equations for the remaining coefficients: c_1 = 1 c_2 = 1 c_3 = 1 c_4 = 1 c_5 = 2 c_6 = 1 Substitute the coefficients into the chemical reaction to obtain the balanced equation: Answer: | | H_2O + Na_2CO_3 + CuCl_2 ⟶ CO_2 + 2 NaCl + Cu(OH)_2

Structures

+ + ⟶ + +
+ + ⟶ + +

Names

water + soda ash + copper(II) chloride ⟶ carbon dioxide + sodium chloride + copper hydroxide
water + soda ash + copper(II) chloride ⟶ carbon dioxide + sodium chloride + copper hydroxide

Equilibrium constant

Construct the equilibrium constant, K, expression for: H_2O + Na_2CO_3 + CuCl_2 ⟶ CO_2 + NaCl + Cu(OH)_2 Plan: • Balance the chemical equation. • Determine the stoichiometric numbers. • Assemble the activity expression for each chemical species. • Use the activity expressions to build the equilibrium constant expression. Write the balanced chemical equation: H_2O + Na_2CO_3 + CuCl_2 ⟶ CO_2 + 2 NaCl + Cu(OH)_2 Assign stoichiometric numbers, ν_i, using the stoichiometric coefficients, c_i, from the balanced chemical equation in the following manner: ν_i = -c_i for reactants and ν_i = c_i for products: chemical species | c_i | ν_i H_2O | 1 | -1 Na_2CO_3 | 1 | -1 CuCl_2 | 1 | -1 CO_2 | 1 | 1 NaCl | 2 | 2 Cu(OH)_2 | 1 | 1 Assemble the activity expressions accounting for the state of matter and ν_i: chemical species | c_i | ν_i | activity expression H_2O | 1 | -1 | ([H2O])^(-1) Na_2CO_3 | 1 | -1 | ([Na2CO3])^(-1) CuCl_2 | 1 | -1 | ([CuCl2])^(-1) CO_2 | 1 | 1 | [CO2] NaCl | 2 | 2 | ([NaCl])^2 Cu(OH)_2 | 1 | 1 | [Cu(OH)2] The equilibrium constant symbol in the concentration basis is: K_c Mulitply the activity expressions to arrive at the K_c expression: Answer: | | K_c = ([H2O])^(-1) ([Na2CO3])^(-1) ([CuCl2])^(-1) [CO2] ([NaCl])^2 [Cu(OH)2] = ([CO2] ([NaCl])^2 [Cu(OH)2])/([H2O] [Na2CO3] [CuCl2])
Construct the equilibrium constant, K, expression for: H_2O + Na_2CO_3 + CuCl_2 ⟶ CO_2 + NaCl + Cu(OH)_2 Plan: • Balance the chemical equation. • Determine the stoichiometric numbers. • Assemble the activity expression for each chemical species. • Use the activity expressions to build the equilibrium constant expression. Write the balanced chemical equation: H_2O + Na_2CO_3 + CuCl_2 ⟶ CO_2 + 2 NaCl + Cu(OH)_2 Assign stoichiometric numbers, ν_i, using the stoichiometric coefficients, c_i, from the balanced chemical equation in the following manner: ν_i = -c_i for reactants and ν_i = c_i for products: chemical species | c_i | ν_i H_2O | 1 | -1 Na_2CO_3 | 1 | -1 CuCl_2 | 1 | -1 CO_2 | 1 | 1 NaCl | 2 | 2 Cu(OH)_2 | 1 | 1 Assemble the activity expressions accounting for the state of matter and ν_i: chemical species | c_i | ν_i | activity expression H_2O | 1 | -1 | ([H2O])^(-1) Na_2CO_3 | 1 | -1 | ([Na2CO3])^(-1) CuCl_2 | 1 | -1 | ([CuCl2])^(-1) CO_2 | 1 | 1 | [CO2] NaCl | 2 | 2 | ([NaCl])^2 Cu(OH)_2 | 1 | 1 | [Cu(OH)2] The equilibrium constant symbol in the concentration basis is: K_c Mulitply the activity expressions to arrive at the K_c expression: Answer: | | K_c = ([H2O])^(-1) ([Na2CO3])^(-1) ([CuCl2])^(-1) [CO2] ([NaCl])^2 [Cu(OH)2] = ([CO2] ([NaCl])^2 [Cu(OH)2])/([H2O] [Na2CO3] [CuCl2])

Rate of reaction

Construct the rate of reaction expression for: H_2O + Na_2CO_3 + CuCl_2 ⟶ CO_2 + NaCl + Cu(OH)_2 Plan: • Balance the chemical equation. • Determine the stoichiometric numbers. • Assemble the rate term for each chemical species. • Write the rate of reaction expression. Write the balanced chemical equation: H_2O + Na_2CO_3 + CuCl_2 ⟶ CO_2 + 2 NaCl + Cu(OH)_2 Assign stoichiometric numbers, ν_i, using the stoichiometric coefficients, c_i, from the balanced chemical equation in the following manner: ν_i = -c_i for reactants and ν_i = c_i for products: chemical species | c_i | ν_i H_2O | 1 | -1 Na_2CO_3 | 1 | -1 CuCl_2 | 1 | -1 CO_2 | 1 | 1 NaCl | 2 | 2 Cu(OH)_2 | 1 | 1 The rate term for each chemical species, B_i, is 1/ν_i(Δ[B_i])/(Δt) where [B_i] is the amount concentration and t is time: chemical species | c_i | ν_i | rate term H_2O | 1 | -1 | -(Δ[H2O])/(Δt) Na_2CO_3 | 1 | -1 | -(Δ[Na2CO3])/(Δt) CuCl_2 | 1 | -1 | -(Δ[CuCl2])/(Δt) CO_2 | 1 | 1 | (Δ[CO2])/(Δt) NaCl | 2 | 2 | 1/2 (Δ[NaCl])/(Δt) Cu(OH)_2 | 1 | 1 | (Δ[Cu(OH)2])/(Δt) (for infinitesimal rate of change, replace Δ with d) Set the rate terms equal to each other to arrive at the rate expression: Answer: | | rate = -(Δ[H2O])/(Δt) = -(Δ[Na2CO3])/(Δt) = -(Δ[CuCl2])/(Δt) = (Δ[CO2])/(Δt) = 1/2 (Δ[NaCl])/(Δt) = (Δ[Cu(OH)2])/(Δt) (assuming constant volume and no accumulation of intermediates or side products)
Construct the rate of reaction expression for: H_2O + Na_2CO_3 + CuCl_2 ⟶ CO_2 + NaCl + Cu(OH)_2 Plan: • Balance the chemical equation. • Determine the stoichiometric numbers. • Assemble the rate term for each chemical species. • Write the rate of reaction expression. Write the balanced chemical equation: H_2O + Na_2CO_3 + CuCl_2 ⟶ CO_2 + 2 NaCl + Cu(OH)_2 Assign stoichiometric numbers, ν_i, using the stoichiometric coefficients, c_i, from the balanced chemical equation in the following manner: ν_i = -c_i for reactants and ν_i = c_i for products: chemical species | c_i | ν_i H_2O | 1 | -1 Na_2CO_3 | 1 | -1 CuCl_2 | 1 | -1 CO_2 | 1 | 1 NaCl | 2 | 2 Cu(OH)_2 | 1 | 1 The rate term for each chemical species, B_i, is 1/ν_i(Δ[B_i])/(Δt) where [B_i] is the amount concentration and t is time: chemical species | c_i | ν_i | rate term H_2O | 1 | -1 | -(Δ[H2O])/(Δt) Na_2CO_3 | 1 | -1 | -(Δ[Na2CO3])/(Δt) CuCl_2 | 1 | -1 | -(Δ[CuCl2])/(Δt) CO_2 | 1 | 1 | (Δ[CO2])/(Δt) NaCl | 2 | 2 | 1/2 (Δ[NaCl])/(Δt) Cu(OH)_2 | 1 | 1 | (Δ[Cu(OH)2])/(Δt) (for infinitesimal rate of change, replace Δ with d) Set the rate terms equal to each other to arrive at the rate expression: Answer: | | rate = -(Δ[H2O])/(Δt) = -(Δ[Na2CO3])/(Δt) = -(Δ[CuCl2])/(Δt) = (Δ[CO2])/(Δt) = 1/2 (Δ[NaCl])/(Δt) = (Δ[Cu(OH)2])/(Δt) (assuming constant volume and no accumulation of intermediates or side products)

Chemical names and formulas

| water | soda ash | copper(II) chloride | carbon dioxide | sodium chloride | copper hydroxide formula | H_2O | Na_2CO_3 | CuCl_2 | CO_2 | NaCl | Cu(OH)_2 Hill formula | H_2O | CNa_2O_3 | Cl_2Cu | CO_2 | ClNa | CuH_2O_2 name | water | soda ash | copper(II) chloride | carbon dioxide | sodium chloride | copper hydroxide IUPAC name | water | disodium carbonate | dichlorocopper | carbon dioxide | sodium chloride | copper dihydroxide
| water | soda ash | copper(II) chloride | carbon dioxide | sodium chloride | copper hydroxide formula | H_2O | Na_2CO_3 | CuCl_2 | CO_2 | NaCl | Cu(OH)_2 Hill formula | H_2O | CNa_2O_3 | Cl_2Cu | CO_2 | ClNa | CuH_2O_2 name | water | soda ash | copper(II) chloride | carbon dioxide | sodium chloride | copper hydroxide IUPAC name | water | disodium carbonate | dichlorocopper | carbon dioxide | sodium chloride | copper dihydroxide

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